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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functionalism
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Society is an organized system of interrelated parts held together by shared values and established social arrangements that maintain the system in a state of balance
Social arrangements consist of family, education, the economy, the media, politics, religion, and sport. Look at how each part to the system contributes to the overal success of the system Would look at sport as a number of different parts which add up to sport Weakness - interested in preserving the status quo, think that sports are more permanent than they are and wont be influenced by social life as much as they really are, it also assumes that the needs of all groups within society are the same |
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Critical Theory
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Based on three assumptions
1. Groups and societies are characterized by shared values and conflicts of interest 2. Social life involves continuos processes of negotiation, compromise and coercion because agreements about values and social organization are never permanent 3. When shifts in power occur the values and social organization will change as well Focuses on sport in three main ways 1. the processes through which culture is produced, reproduced, and changed 2. the ways that power and social inequalities are involved in processes of cultural production, reproduction and change 3. the ideologies that people use as they makes sense of the world, form identities, interaction with others, and transform the conditions of their lives Sports are sites where this change occurs Weakness - no clear guidelines and they oppose everything are too negative |
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Conflict Theory
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Looks at the way sports are shaped by economic forces and used by economically powerful people to increase their wealth and influence
Based on the assumption that all aspects of social life revolve around economic interests and that people who control the economy use their power to convince the lower people in society that this disparity is a must Sports perpetuate capitalistic values and a lifestyle baed on competition, production and consumption Look at how sport perpetuate the disparities in economic power and wealth They seek to eliminate profit motives in sport Weakness - underestimates influence of other social factors and ignore the possibility that sports in capitalist societies may involve experiences that empor individuals and groups |
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Feminist Theory
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Based on assumption that knowledge about social life requires an understanding of gender and gender relations
Explains how women have been devalued and oppressed in many societies Say that sports are gendered activities Weakness - focuses only on gender |
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Racial Ideology
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A web of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to specific traits such as skin colour and to evaluate people.
Supports racism, stereotypes and discrimination White is the norm and other races are viewed as different |
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Impairments vs Disabled
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Impairment - exists when a person has a physical, sensory, or intellectual condition that potentially limits sport participation
Disabled - when accommodations in social or physical contexts are not or cannot be made to allow the full participation of people with functional limitations |
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Overconformity
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Involves the unquestioned acceptance of and conformity to the value system embodied in the ethics of contemporary power and performance sports
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Underconformity
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The opposite of overconformity
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The Sport Ethic
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A set or norms accepted as the dominant criteria for defining what it means to be defined and accepted as an athlete in power and performance sport, 4 norms.
1. An athlete makes sacrifices for the game 2. Athletes accept risk and play through pain 3. An athlete strives for distinction 4. An athlete accepts no obstacles within the possibility of sport |
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Gender Ideology
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A web of ideas and beliefs about masculinity, femininity, and male-female relationships
Males naturally superior to females Restricts ideas of masculinity and femininity Sports contribute to this through the rules and regulations in place |
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Hyperfeminity
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Grace beauty
Heterosexual Family oriented Submissive |
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Class Ideology
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A web of ideas and beliefs people use to understand economic inequalities, identify themselves in terms of their class position, and evaluate the manner in which economic inequalities are and should be integrated into the organization of social worlds
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Medical Model of Disability
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Disability is a problem that must be fixed
Inequality is something to be overcome not challenged Based on notions of normalcy Justifies exclusion |
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Social Model of Disability
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Human variation needs no cure
Ableism, not impairment, is the problem Society not the individuals must adapt Goal is to remove barriers that lead to discrimination |
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Critical Fatness Studies
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Critical sociological perspectives of how we think about bodies, body weight, and fatness
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Corporate Social Responsibility
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Concept where companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their shareholders and society as a whole
It is a business strategy NBA cares Goal is to seem like a good sport and get a good reputation |
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Cause Related Marketing
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When marketing of a brand, company, product, or service is tied directly to a social cause, more often than not a portion of the sales going to support the cause
For breast cancer |
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Invisible Knapsack
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White privilege in everyday life
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Trivialization
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Making women's sports seem worse then male sports through not equal air times and other factors
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Meritocity
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People who are in positions of power have achieved this power because they earned it and deserve it
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"Contested Activities"
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Sports are contested activities because there are struggles over...
1. The meaning, purpose, and organization of sport 2. Who will participate and under what conditions 3. How sports will be sponsored; and what the reasons for sponsorship might be |
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Why do we study sports
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1. The impact of sport on the lives of "ordinary" people
2. The ways that sport contribute to social inequality |
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White Privilege
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Men gain from women's disadvantage
May admit to women being disadvantaged but wont say that they are advantaged We are taught that racism is a disadvantage to some and not that it is an advantage to others It is unconscious We put morality to the individual not to a society or race Taught to see white as normal, dont see white as a race It takes active and embedded forms --> taught not to see it Kept oblivious to maintain meritocracy --> everyone has an equal chance and that people in positions of power earned that and deserve it |
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How sports reflect things
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Sports do not operate in a vacuum they both reflect and constitute the broader socio-cultural context in which they exist
Reflect traditionalized conceptions on what certain bodies are or are not capable of, this is produced and reproduced through sport |
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What is Sport
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Traditional
- activity that is physical, competitive, institutionalized and motivated by internal or external rewards - differs from play and dramatic spectacle Alternative - dont actually prescribe a definition, instead adopt definitions used by people themselves - seek to question and investigate who's sports matter the most, this is shown through media, pay and funding in sports between men and women |
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How sports show racial ideology
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Some races being described as naturally athletic and others as intelligent
The different amounts of race at the different positions Representation in the media No black coaches and managers |
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How class ideology is shown in sport
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People think that sport is for everybody but there are cost and this creates boundaries for other classes
Distrubtion of wealth in different sports, hood kids play basketball, rich people play golf |
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How gender ideology is seen in sport
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Sexualization
- Women are shown in bikinies not actually playing sports, men are shown playing sports. - Makes women look like sexual objects Trivialization - Making women's sports seem worse then male sports through not equal air times and other factors Socialization - The process through which people gain knowledge, beliefs, and habits through education and training for adult status - This is seen in sport through the sports and values of that sport and how it differs from males to females The lack of females coaches and manegers Stereotyping the LGBTT2QQI people |
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Race vs Ethnicity
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Race
- a population of people who are believed to be biologically or naturally distinct from other populations Ethnicity - a particular cultural heritage that is used to identify a category of people |
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Globalization and Commercial Sports
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Commercialization sports have become global for two reasons
1. Those who control, sponsor, and promote them seek new ways to maximize their profits and expand markets 2. Transnational companies with production and distribution operations can use sport as a way to get its products and services to other countries |
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Commercialization and changes of sport
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The ease with which a sport can become commercialized is how probable the four main factors that attract fans to commercial sports
1. Attachment - you get attached to a team 2. Uncertainty - the winner is in question 3. High stakes - there is something on the line 4. Performance - there is a degree of difficulty to the sport and it is impressive to watch |
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Equity vs Equality
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Equality
- focuses on creating the same starting line for everyone Equity - focuses on making sure that everybody has the same opportunity to reach the finish line |
