Sociology First Test

Front 1

August Comte was known as what?

Back 1

The pope of sociology

Front 2

What was Comte?

Back 2

An Athiest

Front 3

Where did Comte live?

Back 3

The midst of catholicism

Front 4

What did Comte think one day sociology would do?

Back 4

it would replace religion

Front 5

the belief that the world is the best understood through scientific inquiry

Back 5

positivism

Front 6

What does comte think exists?

Back 6

he thinks sociology exist

Front 7

Comte was what kind of philosopher?

Back 7

french social philospher

Front 8

what were comes three stages of development of human civilization and explain them

Back 8

1. theological stage

2. Metaphysical stage

3.Rational stage

Front 9

what were the reasons to be moral?

Back 9

comtes 3 stages of scientific evolution

Front 10

what is the theological stage?

Back 10

humans use supernatural and religion as a means to explain human condition.

Front 11

what is the metaphysical stage?

Back 11

people explaining the world through abstract philosophical "magic" speculation

Front 12

what is rational "positive" stage?

Back 12

industry explanation based on systematic observation, experiments, election and analysis f data

Front 13

what does comte argue?

Back 13

without inventing religion and God no one could be moral

Front 14

what are Comtes two functional questions about social life?

Back 14

1. social dynamics

2. social statics

Front 15

what did comte help establish and what were the subjects?

Back 15

he helped establish that the world could be subjective between

1.systematic investigaton

2. scientific investigation

Front 16

what did Herbet Spencer see society as?

Back 16

anorganic anaolgy

Front 17

what did spencer believe in?

Back 17

theory in general evolution and biological equivalent

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what did spencer see society as

Back 18

he saw interest of society as one organism

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what is an organic analogy?

Back 19

belief that societies are like organisms

Front 20

what is social inequality a reflection of?

Back 20

natural evolutional phenomena

Front 21

spencer served on ideological justification for what THREE things?

Back 21

1:classism: greater social class can control the lesser social class
2: sexism: men are more superior than women
3: racism: one color is more superior than the other.

Front 22

what did spencer have a central idea for?

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functionalism

Front 23

what is functionalism?

Back 23

what is good for the singular is good for the plural

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what did spencer do?

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he compared society to organisms

Front 25

what is spencer's theory known as today?

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Social darwinism

Front 26

society is made up of separate parts each with their own function but work together to sustain the entire organism

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Biological equivalent

Front 27

Spencer believed in "survival fittest" which was a phrase from what

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Natural selection

Front 28

Emily Durkheim was___?

Back 28

french sociologist and the most important sociologist

Front 29

Durkheim believed in?

Back 29

Social Cohesion (social solidarity)

Front 30

Durkheim says that the manifestation of humans is?

Back 30

Socially based not biologically based

Front 31

conditions that exist outside the individual but don't control individuals

Back 31

Social facts

Front 32

Widely shared norms and values without individual compulsion

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Mechanical solidarity

Front 33

what is organic solidarity?

Back 33

economic independence resultant from the division of labor

(Coexisting set of norms)

Front 34

what is anomie?

Back 34

social norms no longer effect guides or behavior

Front 35

without anomie what happens?

Back 35

theres no moral guidance

Front 36

what was the first empirical study Durkheim did?

Back 36

suicide

Front 37

what are the indications of social cohesion?

Back 37

1: survivors
2:marriage status: single is the lowest
3: employment: unemployed not connect and vise versa

Front 38

what makes people commit suicide?

Back 38

the more socially cohesive you are.

Front 39

The collective bonds that connects individuals

Back 39

Social solidarity

Front 40

what is division of labor?

Back 40

people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific skills

Front 41

What kind of theorist was Karl Marx?

Back 41

Conflict Theorist

Front 42

what is a conflict theorist?

Back 42

a persons social class determines their "place"

Front 43

what is altruistic suicide?

Back 43

to take your life to protect someone else

Front 44

large group of people unified by their similar economic circumstances.

Back 44

Social class

Front 45

Income producing property

Back 45

Means of production

Front 46

Existing set of power arrangements

Back 46

Status quo

Front 47

what is marx dialect?

Back 47

Argues class conflict bring about change, contribution to ongoing development of society

Front 48

Marx was what kind of historian?

Back 48

German

Front 49

Marx helped us understand?

Back 49

social class

Front 50

what did Marx do?

Back 50

define people by social class

Front 51

who did Marx study under?

Back 51

haigle and his dialect model

Front 52

what kind of thinker was Marx?

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revolutionary thinker

Front 53

what did Marx combined his writing with?

Back 53

political activism

Front 54

what did Marx theorize?

Back 54

that the exploitation of workers would eventually become so extreme it'd throw the capitalist off.

Front 55

what did Marx argue about economic power?

Back 55

that economic power could be used to influence others aspects of life.

Front 56

Max Weber is known as a what theorist?

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a german conflict theoriest

Front 57

Weber fears that modern society what?

Back 57

will only be able to engage in meaningful action only in large organizations.

Front 58

Weber argues that culture beliefs what?

Back 58

influence economic developement

Front 59

Weber sometimes tries to understand ___ by doing ___?

Back 59

tries to understand social action by viewing it from the perspective of the actor.

Front 60

what is sociological economic status?

Back 60

combined measure of education, occupation, and income.

Front 61

what is an ethnography?

Back 61

aka( field research), material conducted over long periods of time.

Front 62

religion is central force that affiliated capitalism of worth western Europe.

Back 62

Vaber

Front 63

family is where you learn how to __ and by __?

Back 63

where you learn how to relate to others, talk, walk, etc.

Front 64

what is tradition?

Back 64

beliefs and customs often charged with emotions

Front 65

the use of reason and logical calculation to achieve a goal as efficiently as possible.

Back 65

Rationality

Front 66

What is Talcott Parsons?

Back 66

a functionalist and a conversatival

Front 67

what did Parsons do that is so interesting?

Back 67

1: each of us starts in family orientation
2: economic and social report

Front 68

Parsons functions of adolescent rebellion are?

Back 68

1: form attitudes
2: tastes
3: opinions
4: preferences

Front 69

Parsons saw society as a what?

Back 69

complex system made up of independent parts

Front 70

what extends your youth according to Parsons?

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going to school 40+ hours (college, grad school,), becoming a university teacher, or becoming a parent

Front 71

what is family orientation?

Back 71

grow into adolescents and form own family of procreation.

Front 72

what is system theory?

Back 72

if you cant test it, its not useful.

Front 73

Parsons came up with this?

Back 73

system theory

Front 74

Robert Merton is a what?

Back 74

Functionalist and survivability

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Merton reminds us that what?

Back 75

even though some phenomena are persistent they can be dysfunctional

Front 76

what is dysfunctional?

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distracts from order

Front 77

over intended function of institutions

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what is manifest functions?

Front 78

unregularly functions (overlooked) (ignored)

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what is latent functions?

Front 79

consists of everything that humans make know and share tangible or intangible

Back 79

what is culture?

Front 80

everything a human creates

Back 80

artifact

Front 81

tangible artifacts that people in a society produce, utilize, and share.

Back 81

material culture

Front 82

phenomena we find in any culture from a functionalism perspective believe that cultural universal must be functional for society

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cultural universal

Front 83

abstract, intangible human creations that influence and effect peoples behaviors

Back 83

non material culture

Front 84

characteristics common to ALL cultures

Back 84

pyramid of non material culture

Front 85

What is the pyramid of non material culture from top to bottom?

Back 85

laws
mores/folkways
norms
values
beliefs
language
symbols

Front 86

contributing to balance, order, and stability of a society; and to the survivability of a society as a whole.

Back 86

functional

Front 87

Merton says that culture gives us a sense of ___?

Back 87

a sense of continuity with the past and if its always changing.

Front 88

make reference to when elements of one culture is found in another.

Back 88

cultural diffusion

Front 89

attempting to build an empire

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cultural imperialism

Front 90

particular phenomena that means one thing and overtime it changes.

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transvaluation

Front 91

the period between material cultural changes and non material cultural changes.

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culture lag-time

Front 92

nomina found in all cultures functional

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cultural interversal

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judging another culture on its own norms, values, and standards.

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cultural relativism

Front 94

activities, art forms, sports, entertainment, etc. that are assumed to appeal only the elite.

Back 94

high culture

Front 95

activities, art forms, sports, entertainment, etc. that are assumed to appeal to the middle, working class.

Back 95

popular culture

Front 96

distinctive group sharing beliefs and views that differ from those of a larger society.

Back 96

subcultural

Front 97

disruption that people feel when they're around another culture that isn't there own.

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cultual shock

Front 98

Pierre Bourdieu believed in what theory?

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Cultural Capital Theory

Front 99

Bourdieu says that high culture is___

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high culture is employed by elites to accomplish an exclusionary function to ensure "endogamy"

Front 100

Charles Horton Cooley invented what?

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looking through glass self

Front 101

Cooley is also a what?

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reflexivity

Front 102

Cooley states our interactions with others involve THREE steps that forge our sense of self, what are they and describe them?

Back 102

1: look in mirror (what we think we see)
2: go into public (what others think of us)
3: form a self concept (without human contact)

Front 103

the collection of thoughts and feelings you have when considering yourself as an object.

Back 103

sense of self

Front 104

set of behavioral expectations that are linked to a particular status

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role

Front 105

when two roles that are linked become temporarily incompatible

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role strain

Front 106

when two roles that are linked become temporarily incompatible

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role conflict

Front 107

when there is opposition between statuses

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role conflict

Front 108

George Hebert Meade created what?

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the self

Front 109

Meade says the self is ___

Back 109

acquired them role taking

Front 110

What are the Role taking stages that Meade talks about?

Back 110

1:preparatory stage (0-3): imitate others around you
2:play stage (3-5): pretending to be mommy @ the grocery store
3: game stage (): interact in team sports

Front 111

what are the agents of socialization Meade talks about?

Back 111

1: family
2: school
3:peers
4:mass media:(observational learning theory-defines what we can dicuss VS catharsis theory- discharges negative energy)

Front 112

Freud was known as a what?

Back 112

Physco-analysis

Front 113

Freud also believed that___

Back 113

all humans are organisms

Front 114

role taking

Back 114

temporary assuming the role of another to better understand another's view.

Front 115

imitate not only what they say, but what they do in a certain area.

Back 115

language skills

Front 116

generalized others

Back 116

wide away of specific situations

Front 117

what is the "I"?

Back 117

spontaneous, subjective, outwardly acting

Front 118

if you are a sociopath you lack?

Back 118

the "me"

Front 119

what is the "me"?

Back 119

observant, measured, objective

Front 120

what is the "super ego"?

Back 120

internalization of cultural inhibitions: (conscience)

Front 121

what is the "ID"?

Back 121

the pleasure principle (seeks intimate needs)

Front 122

if you are a psychopath you lack?

Back 122

the "super ego"

Front 123

a complex balance of specialized institutions that function independently and INTERdependently to manage societies and tasks. institutions FUNCTION through regulating social hierarchies

Back 123

PARADIGMS: functionalism what is it?

Front 124

a near continuous series of struggles between groups competing for power, or some re-arrangement of the "power structure"

Back 124

PARADIGMS: conflict theory what is it?

Front 125

society is the sum of individuals interacting with one another directly and indirectly. social structures= stable patterns of interaction.

Back 125

PARADIGMS: interactionism

Front 126

order and stability
it frames society by the "organic analogy"

Back 126

PARADIGMS: FUNCTIONALISM principle issues, concerns? and how does it frame society through?

Front 127

social inequality; pursuit to social justice
it frames society by dominance and submisson

Back 127

PARADIGMS: CONFLICT THEORY principle issues, concerns? and how does it frame society through?

Front 128

meaning and subjectivity; "the self"
it frames society by meaning negotiation

Back 128

PARADIGMS:INTERACTIONISM principle issues, concerns? and how does it frame society through?

Front 129

PARADIGMS: FUNCTIONALISM
unit(s) of analysis:
level of analysis:

Back 129

units: institution
level: macro

Front 130

PARADIGMS: CONFLICT THEORY
unit(s) of analysis:
level of analysis:

Back 130

units: social class (or large group)
level: macro

Front 131

PARADIGMS:INTERACTIONISM
unit(s) of analysis:
level of analysis:

Back 131

units: language; expression(s)
level: micro (sometimes macro)

Front 132

PARADIGMS: FUNCTIONALISM
typically state of society:
social change is initiated:
social change viewed as:

Back 132

state of society: equilibrium
social change: externally
viewed:negative

Front 133

PARADIGMS:CONFLICT THEORY
typically state of society:
social change is initiated:
social change viewed as:

Back 133

state of society: competition and conflict
social change: internally by necessity
viewed: inevitable

Front 134

PARADIGMS: INTERACTIONISM
typically state of society:
social change is initiated:
social change viewed as:

Back 134

state of society: emergent
social change:by modifying world-view
viewed: shifts in shared meaning

Front 135

PARADIGMS: FUNCTIONALISM
status quo determined by:
temporal orientation:

Back 135

status quo: survivability for the "whole" society
orientation: PAST: backward-looking

Front 136

PARADIGMS:CONFLICT THEORY
status quo determined by:
temporal orientation:

Back 136

status quo: successful domination of certain groups over others
orientation: FUTURE: progressive

Front 137

PARADIGMS: INTERACTIONISM
status quo determined by:
temporal orientation:

Back 137

status quo: widely shared impressions
orientation: PRESENT: synthesis of pre-acquired and new information

Front 138

PARADIGMS: FUNCTIONALISM
major proponents:

Back 138

durkheim, parsons, spencer

Front 139

PARADIGMS:CONFLICT THEORY
major proponents:

Back 139

marx, weber,

Front 140

PARADIGMS: INTERACTIONISM
major proponents:

Back 140

simmel, mead, cooley