Sociology Final Exam Study Guide

Front 1

Acid Rain

Back 1

Type of rain from fossil fuels reaction with atmosphere

Front 2

Anchoring devices

Back 2

Two of the major ways society "anchors" people into mainstream behavior (marriage and education)

Front 3

Automobile and women

Back 3

The automobile helped transform society, including views of courtship and sexuality, It altered women's attitudes as it transformed their opportunities and stimulated them to participate in areas of social life not connected with the home

Front 4

Charisma

Back 4

literally, an extraordinary gift from God; more commonly, an outstanding, "magnetic" personality

Front 5

Cohabitation Rates

Back 5

Adults living together in a sexual relationship without being married, 1/2-2/3 of couples have co-habitated before their marriage

Front 6

Crime increase women

Back 6

open

Front 7

cult

Back 7

A new religion with few followers, whose teaching and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion

Front 8

Cultural Lag

Back 8

Inability to keep up in the culture of technology

Front 9

Demography

Back 9

The study of the size, composition, growth (or shrinkage) and distribution of human populations

Front 10

Dinks

Back 10

Dual incomes-no kids

Front 11

Ecclesia

Back 11

A religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off; called a state religion

Front 12

Enterprise zone

Back 12

The use of economic incentives in a designated area to encourage investment

Front 13

Family

Back 13

Two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Front 14

Family background

Back 14

the details of a person's family, education, experiences

Front 15

Family of orientation

Back 15

The family in which a person grows up

Front 16

Fertility rate

Back 16

The number of children that the average woman bears

Front 17

Gendered division of labor

Back 17

Husbands still take the primary responsibility for earning the income and the wives primary responsibility for taking care of the house and children

Front 18

Gentrification

Back 18

Middle-class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes

Front 19

Global warming

Back 19

produces many problems for earth's inhabitants, for example acid rain

Front 20

Grade inflation

Back 20

Higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning

Front 21

Household

Back 21

People who occupy the same housing unit

Front 22

Invention

Back 22

The combination of existing elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change

Front 23

Labeling

Back 23

The view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity

Front 24

Machismo in Latino families

Back 24

open

Front 25

Megacity

Back 25

a city of 10 million or more residents

Front 26

Metropolis

Back 26

A central city-surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs

Front 27

Modernization

Back 27

The transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies

Front 28

Multilinear

Back 28

propose societies take different routes, but lead to the same stage

Front 29

New technology

Back 29

open

Front 30

Not-so-empty nest

Back 30

children leaving the home later

Front 31

Nuclear family

Back 31

A family consisting of a husband, wife, and children

Front 32

Population pyramid

Back 32

A graph that represents the age and sex of a population

Front 33

Population Shrinkage

Back 33

The process by which a country's population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigration are too low to replace those who die and emigrate

Front 34

Positive Sanction

Back 34

An expression of approval from a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in a class to a material reward such as a prize

Front 35

Protestant ethic

Back 35

Weber's term to describe the ideal of ac self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by thrift and hard work

Front 36

Propinquity

Back 36

"spatial nearness" the tendency of people who have similar characteristics to marry one another

Front 37

Public schools funded

Back 37

supported by local property taxes

Front 38

Reading and writing skills

Back 38

open

Front 39

Recidivism

Back 39

The percentage of released convicts who are rearrested

Front 40

Redlining

Back 40

A decision by the officers of a financial institution not to make loans in a particular area

Front 41

Religious experience

Back 41

a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God

Front 42

Social change

Back 42

The alteration of culture and societies over time

Front 43

Social placement

Back 43

A function of education-funneling people into a society's various positions

Front 44

Stigma

Back 44

"blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity

Front 45

Suburbanization

Back 45

growth of areas on the fringes of cities. It is one of the many causes of the increase in urban sprawl

Front 46

Third social revolution

Back 46

prompted by the invention of the steam engine

Front 47

Vigilantism

Back 47

People taking the law into their own hands

Front 48

White collar crime

Back 48

Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing

Front 49

Understand relativity of deviance with examples

Back 49

What is deviant to some is not deviant to others

( we need our own examples)

Front 50

Understand the need for children in least industrialized nations with examples

Back 50

Use them as a form of social security and care for when the parent is older