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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sex |
the biological- chromosomal, anatomical, hormonal, and other physical and physiological- characteristics with which we are born and that determine whether we are male or female. |
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Sexual identity |
our awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways in which we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings and beliefs.
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sexual desire |
the sexual drive that makes us receptive to sexual activity |
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sexual response |
the biological aspects of sexuality, which include experiencing pleasure or an orgasm |
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homosexuality |
sexually attracted to people of the same sex |
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transgendered |
include gays, lesbains, bisexuals and men and women who don't identify themselves with any specific sexual orientation. Such as transexuals (people who are born with one biological sex but choose to live their life as another sex) Intersexuals (people who's medical classification at birth is not clearly male or female) Transvestites ( people who cross dress at times) |
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Cross-culturally homosexuality |
Egypt and African countries: gays can be stoned, imprisoned or killed
Nigeria: 14 yr imprisonment for homosexuals
India: imprisoned, fired, serve longer sentences than most murderers
Asia and the middle east: killed by their family or groups
South Korea: believe it is wrong and sinful
Thailand: doesn't tolerate homosexuality
Latin america: it is a mix between both good and bad |
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Sexual revolution |
* The sexual revolution changed a lot regarding women’s rights and the double standard. Women are more compelled to voice opinions and feelings about issues regarding sexuality.
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Double standard |
sexual intercourse outside of marriage is acceptable for men but no women * Another indicator of the persistence of the double standard is the high rate of rape and other sexual assaults on women. * The sexual double standard is not limited to the U.S. and other Western nations. In other countries, female genital mutilation is still practiced. |
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First time sex |
Explanations: Interpersonal reasons, peer pressure, parental inputs, and structural factors |
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"the sex talk" |
* Some parents are concerned that if they open the dialogue with their children about sex, then the children are getting the idea that the parents approve of premarital sex.
* Many adolescents see their parents as old-fashioned about sex and parental discussions about sex need to be effective. * A study of students ages 10-15 found that only 6% said they wanted to talk to their parents about sex and pregnancy. |
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Media and sexual behavior of teens |
* Often young people obtain information about sex from the media and popular culture: television, movies, music, magazines, romance novels, the Internet, and sometimes from pornographic sites.
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Sexual education |
* About 90% of parents approve of schools’ providing a comprehensive sex education program, however, in 2001 Bush established a federal program to fund abstinence-only curricula.
* President Obama plans to change to a more comprehensive sex education program in our school systems. |
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Frequency of sex |
most people have slept with none or one person within a given year, 2 to 4 people is 14% and 5 or more is 3% |
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sex and gender |
generally, men have more sexual partners than woman |
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Adolescent sexual behavior |
* Many adolescents have sexual intercourse before they understand sexual anatomy and contraception or have time to develop sexual values.
* Cultural Attitudes and expectations also influence teens’ sexual experience. Young Latinos are much more likely to report that they have had more sexual activity and more sexual partners. * Young Latinas however, are less likely to report having premarital sex. |
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initiation of sexual contact |
* Traditional sexual scripts dictate that the man should initiate sexual contact, because “nice girls don’t do that.”
* Today, our sexual scripts have changed. Women are more likely than before to initiate sexual contact. |
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Aging and Sex |
* As we mature, our sexual interests, desires, and abilities change—for most couples who are married this is a good thing.
* While couples in their mid-lives may report less sex, they report that other things in their lives are more important. It’s not their priority anymore. * Good health, close times with friends and family, financial security, spiritual well-being, and a good relationship with a partner are all rated as being more important. * Many women and men remain sexually active well into their 70s and 80s. * About 39% of men and 17% of women have an active love life (according to a recent survey). * Nearly 25% have sex four or more times a month. * More than 25% of the men and 33% of the women either gave or received oral sex in the last year. |
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Sexual response |
a persons physiological reaction to sexual stimulation |
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sexual satisfaction |
often will lead to infidelity; for women it was emotional while for men it was about sex |
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infidelity |
* Recent highly-respected national surveys show that in any given year, about 4% of married people have sex outside their marriage. * Over a lifetime, about 16% say they have had an extramarital affair. The numbers are higher for men than for women. |
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Good motives for marriage
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* Love and companionship—the single greatest attraction of marriage is continuous, intimate companionship with an intimate partner.
* Children—a very traditional reason for getting married. * Adult identity—you have finally “grown up”! * Commitment and personal fulfillment—an overwhelming number of Americans (88%) say marriage should be a life-long commitment. * Continuity and permanence—marriage promises stability! |
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Negative motives for marriage |
* Social legitimacy—getting married to legitimate an out-of-wedlock pregnancy.
* Social pressure—sometimes parents pressure their children that haven’t married, especially if they are pregnant. * Economic security—some marry others for their money—typically these marriages don’t last. * Rebellion or revenge—young people sometimes do this to their parents. * Practical solutions to problems—these types of relationships tend not to last either. |
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function of engagement |
* It sends a “hands off” message to other interested parties.
* It gives both partners a chance to become better acquainted with their future in-laws. * It provides each partner with information about a prospective spouse’s medical conditions. * It legitimates secular or religious premarital counseling. * It signals the intent to make the union permanent. |
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Maid of honor |
an unmarried woman acting as principal bridesmaid at a wedding. |
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ring bearer |
brings the rings to the couples (typically of young age and a boy) |
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best man |
1. the (male) attendant of the bridegroom at a wedding
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Stag party |
Soliders of ancient sparta started this ritual in which the groom feasted with his male friends on the night before the wedding. the function of this rite of passage was to say goodbye to the frivolities of bachelorhood while swearing continued allegiance to one's comrades despite being married. |
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honeymoon |
after the wedding, a man captured or bought a bride, he disappeared with her for a while in a honeymoon so that her family couldn't rescue her and she would become impregnated. Around 1850 is when a honeymoon was usually a wedding trip to visit relatives |
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bridal shower |
A gift giving party held for the bride to be |
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Types of marriage |
- vital - total - devitalized - passive-congenial - conflict habituated |
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conflict habituated |
* Conflict-habituated marriage—the partners both fight verbally and physically but do not believe that fighting is a good reason for a divorce.
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Passive-congenial marriage |
* Passive-congenial marriage—the partners have a low emotional investment in their marriage and have low expectations of each other. Fairly independent of each other, they often find intimacy in other relationships. They often both maintain separate activities and interests.
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devitalized marriage |
* Devitalized marriage—the partners were deeply in love when they married. As the years go by, they spend their time together raising children, entertaining, and meeting community responsibilities, but begin to do so out of obligation rather than love.
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vital marriage |
* Vital marriage—the partners’ lives are closely intertwined. They spend a great deal of time together, resolve conflicts through comprise, and often make sacrifices. They consider sex pleasurable and necessary.
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total marriage |
* Total marriage— similar to a vital marriage, but more encompassing. Partners participate in each other’s lives at all levels and have few areas of tension or hostility.
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Five Types of Enduring Marriages(Cuber & Harroff)-Intrinsic: Reward |
Vital- "We really enjoy being together and sharing most of our lives." |
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Five Types of Enduring Marriages(Cuber & Harroff)-Utilitarian: Convenience |
Conflict-habituated-"We thrive on conflict." |
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Maritial happiness |
* Social scientists studied people who had been married over 50 years. They all had one important thing in common—a sense of humor.
* As an overall group, women tend to be less happy in marriages than men. * Because happiness is a self-reported and subjective measure, it’s impossible to know how respondents define it in marriage. |
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whats important in a successful relationship |
* Compatibility
* Flexibility * Positive attitude * Communication and conflict resolution * Emotional support |
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Deterioration of love |
marital burnout is the gradual deterioration of love and ultimate loss of an emotional attachment between partners. It can develop so slowly and quietly that the couple is unaware of it.
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Behavior |
1. observable activity in a human or animal.
2. the aggregate of responses to internal and external stimuli. |
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His and Her marriage |
Sociologist Jessie Bernard coined this phrase, it is the way men and women experience marriage differently. Because men make fewer adjustments to marriage than women, Bernard wrote "his marriage is better than hers" - new roles - more roles |
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The empty nest syndrom |
Usually in middle aged parents when depression and a lessened sense of well being, especially among women, when children leave home. |
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Effective communication goals |
- developing ways of interacting that are clear, nonjudgemental, and non punitive. - resolving conflicts through problem solving rather than coercion or manipulation - conveys what we and others feel
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Types of effective communication |
- Self disclosure is telling another person about oneself and one's thoughts and feelings with the expectation that truly open communication will follow - Esteem support can reduce a persons anxiety about troubling events - A listener may be able to offer information support through advice and guidance - Disclosure can provide instrumental support if the listener offers concrete help - Even if the problem is not easily solved, listeners can provide motivational support
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Women's speech |
- because women tend to use communication to develop and maintain relationships, talk is often an end in itself, a way to foster closeness and understanding - the effort to establish equality - probe for greater understanding of feelings/conversational maintenance work - personal concrete style in which women often use details, personal disclosures, and anecdotes. - Reference to emotion - Tentativeness: verbal hedges, verbal fillers and verbal fluencies |
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Mens speech |
- A prominent feature in mens speech is instrumentality: men tend to use speech to accomplish specific purposes. Often used as problem solving, therefore, men speech is more often the means to an end. - Exerting control - conversational dominance - communicate in abstract terms |
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Blaming partner for problems |
* Men complain that women give them the silent treatment, bring up things the men have done in the remote past, are too critical and stubborn in never giving in.
* Women complain that men forget important dates, don’t work hard enough at their jobs, nosily burp or pass gas, and stare at other women. |
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Marriage and conflict |
- sources of power/ principle of least interest - discrete, isolated disagreements as well as chronic relationship problems
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Maritial issues |
couples fight about: - money - housework - fidelity and sex - children |
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Coping techniques |
Deal with conflict by: - accommodation: one person submits to the other - compromise: partners find a middle ground between their opposing traditions - standoff: the disputant drop the argument without resolving it - withdrawal: he or she refuses to continue with the argument; either by clamming up or by leaving the room |
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Rules of fair fighting |
- don't attack your partner - avoid ultimatums - say what you really mean and don't apologize for it - avoid accusations and attacks - start with your own feelings - state your wishes and requests clearly and directly - limit what you say to the present - refuse to fight dirty - use humor and comic relief - strive for closure as soon as possible after a misunderstanding or disagreement by resolving the issue |
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Increasing positive communication |
- ask for information - dont generalize - stay focused on the issue - be specific - keep it honest - make it kind - express appreciation - use nonverbal communication - above all, just listen |
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Marriage and relationship education |
marriage and relationship education is booming. some maintain that such programs are effective; others argue that the costs outweigh the benefits |
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Parenting |
* Parenting is a two-way street. As our children are learning, so are we—we are learning how to parent them. Infants teach us to meet their needs through their communication, which is crying.
* Parenting does not come naturally and is neither innate or instinctive, but directed by our babies and their needs. |
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Internalization of roles |
* Parenting can be rewarding—the most rewarding job you can ever have while at the same time being stressful and very daunting.
* Social theorists cite role conflict and role strain to explain this give and take.
Role conflict—this is what happens when two or more roles contradict each other.
Role strain—involves conflicts that someone feels within one role. |
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Expectations of parenting |
they expect parents to work, take care of kids, and clean the house |
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Transitions to parenthood |
* Parents believe they have lost some of authority in raising children that they had in past generations.
* They also believe that they have increased responsibility, because a growing number of states are passing laws that affect parents as much as children. |
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Mothering |
* New moms often face extreme expectations.
* A good mother will be perfect if she follows her instincts. * There is something wrong with a mother who doesn’t give 100% devotion to her child. * This myth discourages others from helping with the baby—especially Dad. * Almost 66% of children under age 18 live with two employed parents. Nevertheless, mothers continue to do most of the child rearing and household duties. * About 70% of Americans say that mothers today have a more difficult parenting job than did mothers 20 or 30 years ago. |
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Fatherhood |
* Fathers also experience role conflict and role strain…they may have little opportunity to learn parenting skills.
* Sociologist Kathleen Gerson suggests there are three types of fathers. * Breadwinner father, autonomous father, involved father and absentee father |
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Breadwinner |
* Breadwinner fathers—see themselves as primary earners, even if their wives work outside the home. They prefer that their wife take the tasks of raising the children and the household duties.
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Autonomous fathers |
* Autonomous fathers—seek freedom from family commitments and distance themselves from both their former spouse and their children.
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Involved father |
* Involved fathers—believe that good fathering includes extensive participation in the daily tasks of raising the children. They may not share equally in their child’s care, but they do try.
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George H. Mead |
* Mead’s Theory of the Social Self
George Herbert Mead was a symbolic interactionist. He saw the self as the basis of humanity that develops not out of biological urges but from social interaction. - Stage 1: Imitation (birth to 2) - Stage 2: Play (2 to 6) - Stage 3: Games (6 and older) |
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Jean Piaget |
* Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
* Jean Piaget was interested in the growing child’s efforts to understand his or her own world. He proposed four major developmental stages that children go through in their quest to understand the world and to become older thinkers. - Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2) - Preoperational stage (2 to 7) - Concrete operational stage (8 to 12) - Formal operational stage (12 and older) |
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Erik Erikson |
* Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
* Erik Erikson is one of the few theorists whose explanation of human development encompassed the entire lifetime. * According to Erikson, there are 8 stages of development and in each stage is a challenge to development. - Trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1) - Autonomy vs. shame, doubt (2 to 3) - Initiative vs. guilt (4 to 5) - Industry vs. inferiority (6 to 12) - Identity vs. identity confusion (13 to 19) - Intimacy vs. isolation (13 to 19) - Generativity vs. self absorption (31 to 64) - Integrity vs. despair (65 and older)
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Ethnic/rational groups and socialization of children |
* Sociologists have delineated as many as 9 social classes in the U.S.
* Most low-SES families, particularly if they are new immigrants, must tackle difficult tasks such as language and poverty. Compared to middle-SES families, lower-SES families typically give their children fewer opportunities for stimulation. * The most vulnerable lower-SES families are those formed by adolescents. * Middle-SES families have more resources to enhance their children’s emotional, social, and cognitive development. Middle-SES mothers talk to their infants more and are better able to have opportunities for child stimulation. * High-SES families have many more resources to spend on their children and their children’s development. Parents in high-SES families tend to read to their children more. * Children’s activities are expensive, and it is generally those children who come from high-SES families who have those opportunities. |
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Parenting and infants and babies |
* Parenting infants and babies require continuous care.
* Parents are on call 24 hours a day during this stage—stress plays a huge role in the family’s adjustment to the new baby. * The demands of infants * fatigue, stress and coparenting |
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Daily interactions with children |
the benefits of warm and responsive parental interaction during the first two years and childs life become evident as early as age 4
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Teens and parents |
* Adolescence is a time of tremendous change for both the child and the parents. There are changes in the parent-child relationship.
* Most adolescents still want a close relationship with their parents, but they also want some independence. * Most teenagers fare well in the U.S. For the most part, the teenage years are a time of growth and change and we see our children become adults. |
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Boomerange children |
* Why are young adult children moving back into the “empty nest”? Micro- and macro- reasons are both at play in this complicated issue.
* Children move back in for financial reasons and for individual reasons such as liking to be taken care of. These are boomerang children. We thought we sent them out into the world, only to have them return. * For most, this is a temporary fix for their problems until the children are financially able to care for themselves again. |
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Latchkey children |
the phrase started in the early 1800's when youngsters who were responsible for their own care wore the keys to their home tied to string around their neck - Today the phrase stands for children who return home after school and let themselves into an empty house or apartment, where they are alone and unsupervised until their parents or another adult comes home |
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Same sex parents and children |
* Nationally33 % of lesbian couples and 22% of gay male couples are raising children younger than 18-years-old. The actual numbers may be higher because the census does not ask these questions.
* Gay and lesbian parents have given birth to their own biological babies and are raising adopted children. * In most respects, gay and lesbian families are like heterosexual families. They have the same time constraints and the same problems of splitting time between work and family. |
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Parenting styles |
* A parenting style is a general approach to interacting with and disciplining children.
* Authoritarian * Permissive * Authoritative * Uninvolved |
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Authoritarian |
* These parents are often very demanding and rigid and punitive. They expect absolute obedience. The child is expected to accept parental rule without question.
* They show their children little warmth and compassion. |
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Permissive |
* Parents are usually warm and responsive but undemanding. They place few requirements on their children for orderly behavior or household tasks.
* Instead of setting boundaries, permissive parents are indulgent. |
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Authoritative |
* They are demanding and impose rules but they are also responsive and supportive. These parents encourage self-reliance and set good boundaries.
* One of the most consistent research findings is that authoritative parents have children who are self-reliant, achievement-oriented, and more successful. |
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Uninvolved |
* They are neither supportive nor demanding, because they are indifferent.
* They can be rejecting. * Children from these homes are often immature, withdrawn, or underachieving, and may have a variety of psychological issues. |
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Discipline |
* Discipline means “to teach.” Sometimes as parents we use verbal teaching skills or even corporal punishment, but deciding which is most effective for each child can be difficult.
* spanking * verbal punishment * corporal punishment |
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Absentee fathers |
absentee fathers usually have a negative impact on their children from birth to young adulthood, particularly in increasing the likelihood of economic and social deprivation |
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Children at risk |
* On average, children watch 18,000 food ads on TV annually. Most ads are for candy, sugary food, or fast food.
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Foster care |
* The growth of poverty, child abuse, and parental neglect has increased children’s out-of-home placements or foster care.
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Mortality rate |
* The percentage of the U.S. population that is older than 65 has been increasing steadily—it is expected to grow to 16% by 2020.
* The average U.S. life expectancy in 1900 was 47 years, in 1950 it was 68 years, in 2008 it was 78 years. * By 2015, worldwide, and for the first time in history, people age 65 and older will outnumber children age 5. |
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Life expectancy |
the average length of time people of the same age will live |
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Health and aging |
* Our perception of age depends on our own health, identity, age, and image of what “old” is.
* Society usually defines people as “old” by chronological age—usually 65. * More than 43% of Americans age 65 to 74 and 35% of those age 75 and older report being in very good or excellent health. * Exercise physically * Exercise mentally * Lose weight and don’t smoke * Watch what you eat * Control your blood pressure and avoid diabetes * Establish strong social networks |
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Mental health |
* When researchers examine how happy people are at various ages, older people generally come out ahead.
* Happiness is affected by the social and economic pressures that a generation of people faces. * People with stronger religious, family, and friend networks report being happier. |
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Degenerative brain disorders |
Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease, among others — affect more than 45 million people worldwide. These diseases often strike older adults and are characterized by progressive deterioration of nerve cells, eventually leading to cell death. |
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Dementia |
the loss of mental abilities that most commonly occurs later in life |
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Alzheimers |
a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain and impairs memory, thinking, and behavior.
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Depression |
mental disorder characterized by pervasive sadness and other negative emotions that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy formerly pleasurable activies |
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woman and aging |
Women live longer, but: * Earned less, even in comparable jobs.* Spent less time in the labor force or never entered the labor force due to family responsibilities. * Didn’t contribute at a high enough level to take advantage of the company 401(k) match. |
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Grandparenting styles |
- remote or detached - companionate and supportive - involved and influential - advisory and authoritative |
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Remote or detached |
Remote or detached—in this kind of relationship, grandparents and their grandchildren live far apart from each other and see each other only infrequently. About 3% of grandparents never see their grandchildren. The biggest barrier is living far apart.
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Companionate and supportive |
* Companionate and supportive—this is the most common style of grandparenting. These grandparents are supportive, see their grandchildren often, and spend time in activities with their grandchildren.
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Involved and influential |
* Involved and influential—these grandparents play an active role in their grandchildren’s lives. They exert substantial authority over their grandchildren.
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Advisory and authoritative |
* Especially when the mother is very young, the maternal grandmother may act as a supervisor for the new mom as she makes the transition.
* Often these grandparents have strong emotional ties with their grandchildren and advise them on issues. Oftentimes as well, the grandchild helps the grandparent by doing chores or running errands. |
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Custodial Grandparents |
* They may be more relaxed and have more time to spend with their grandchildren then they did their children, and children who are raised by grandparents generally love and respect them but say that their health and age are worrisome.
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Living with grandparents |
* Often this produces a multigenerational household where three or more generations are living together.
* Often the grandparents can provide support in every way to their own child and their grandchildren. |
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Day care grandparents |
* Grandparents may care for their young grandchildren while the parents are at work because of the high cost of child care.
* African American grandmothers are more likely than their Latina and white counterparts to provide full-time care for the child from birth to age 3. |
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Intergenerational ambliviance |
contradictions in relationships between parents and adult children that arise from both structured kinship roles and personal emotions |
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intimate siblings |
close and consider each other to be best friends |
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congenial siblings |
feel close and see each other as good friends, but they feel closer to a spouse or an adult child. Contact each other weekly but give help only when it doesn't conflict with their obligations |
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Loyal siblings |
available bc of family bonds rather than affection or closeness. Disagreements don't erode the siblings ties because they believe that family ties are import ant whether or not family members like eachother |
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Hospice |
* Hospice is a way of caring for people who are terminally ill, generally when they have six months or less to live. Hospice workers try to make dying people as comfortable as possible by providing pain control, comfort, and a sense of security. Hospice care is often provided in the dying person’s home environment.
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Dying trajectory |
refers tio the speed in which a person dies bc of declining physical functions.
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living will |
a legal document in which a person can specify which, if any, life-support measures he or she wants in the event of serious illness and whether and when such measures should be discontinued |
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Elizabeth Kubler ross |
* The best-known work on the way that people handle death and dying is that of psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross. She proposed five stages of death and dying.
* Denial * Anger * Bargaining * Depression * Acceptance |
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widower effect |
* Some recently widowed older people exhibit depressive symptoms such as insomnia, loss of appetite, and dissatisfaction with themselves and their lives.
* Financial hardships may be especially likely to happen to an older woman who has cared for her dying husband for a number of years.` |
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CAREGIVING STYLES |
* Backups—siblings serve as backups. One person gives routine care to an aging parent but a brother or sister may step in when needed.
* Circumscribed—limited by agreed upon type of contact with the elderly parent. The adult child helps, but is limited in availability and makes that known. * Sporadic—these adult children provide services to their parents at their own convenience. * Routine help—the adult child incorporates assistance to the older parent into his or her ongoing activities and is regularly available. |
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Caregiving strains |
* Caregiving can create stress and strain.
* Older parents usually need care at a time when their adult children’s lives are complicated and busy. * Financial strains can also become a burden for adult child caregivers. |
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Caregiving satisfaction |
* Exchange theory suggests that caregivers experience both costs and benefits.
* Some people enjoy caregiving, believing that family relationships are renewed or strengthened by helping older family members. * It can provide a feeling of being useful or needed. |
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Formal support systems |
* Only 5% of frail older Americans are institutionalized—typically in nursing homes.
* Elder care issues have gained prominence in the workplace but most companies still don’t have policies about leaves for people caring for older adults. * With limited income many older adults cannot afford retirement communities. * Nursing care is expensive, and unless the person is destitute Medicare won’t pay for care. |
