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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Economy
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The social institution that organizes a social production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
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Importance of The Agricultural Revolution
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The resulting surplus meant that not everyone had to produce food, so many took on specialized work and towns sprang up
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The Industrial Revolution
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The development of industry change the economy
it raised the standards of living, but the benefits were not shared equally |
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The Information revolution
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Automated machinery reduced the role of human labor - the computer has blurred the line between home and work life
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The primary sector
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the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural envirnoment
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The secondary sector
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the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
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THe tertiary sector
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the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods
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Capitalism
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An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned
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Socialism
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An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned
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Wlfare Capitalims
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An economic and political system that combines a mostely market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs
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Work in the post-industrial economy
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Regions of the country with greatest labor forces participation are better off
Farming has rapidly declined, which shrinks the primary sector A majority of workers have moved into service occupations, creating a middle-class |
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The white coller jobs...
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have increased greatly over the years
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THe primary labor market
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Jobs that provide extensive benefits to workers, which include white-collar as well as upper management
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The secondary labor market
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Jobs that provide minimal benefits to it's workers
includes though emplyed in low-skilled sector jobs |
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Corportations
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An organization with a legal existence, including rights nad liabilities
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Our society must face the challenge of providing millions of people with the ...
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computer skills necessary to survive
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Politics
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The social institution that distributes power, sets a society's egeneda, and makes decisions
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Power
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the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
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Government
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A formal orgnaization that directs the political life of a society
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Authority
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power the people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive
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Traditional authority
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Power legitimized through respect for long-established cultural patterns
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Rational-legal authority
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power legitimized by legally anacted rules and regulations
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Charismatic Authory
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Power legitimized thorugh extraordinary personal abilities that inspire devotion and obedience
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Monarchy
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A single family rules from generation to generation
This is typical in agrarian socities |
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Democracy
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A type of political system which givers power to the people as a whole
most rich countries claim to be democracies |
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Authoritarianism
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Denies popular participation in governemtn and is indifferent to people's needs
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Totalistarianism
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A highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people's lives
They allow no opposition |
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Welfare state
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a range of government agencies and programs that provides benefits to the population
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Special interest group
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A political alliance of people interested in some economic or social issue
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Political action committees
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Organizations formed by special-interest groups, independent of political parties, to pursue political aims by raising and spending money
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The pluralist model
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Sees power as dispersed among many competing interest groups
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The power-elite model
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Sees power as concerntrated among the rich
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The marxist political-economy model
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Explains politics in terms of society's economic system
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Terrorims
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Acts of violense of the threat of such violence used by an individual of group as a politial strategy
Terrorists try to paint violense as a legitimate political tactis |
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War
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Organized armed conflict between the people of varions societies, directed by their government
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Approaches to peace
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- Deterrence
- High-technology defense - Diplomacy and disarmament - Resolving underlying conflict |
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Family
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A social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children
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Kinship
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A social bond based on blood, marriage, or adoption
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The nuclear family
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one or two parents and their children
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Endogamy
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Marriage between people of the same social category
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Exogamy
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Marriage between people of difference social categories
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In preindustrial societies, most newlyweds...
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live with one set of parents
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Patrilocality
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A married couple lives with or near the husband's family
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Matrilocality
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A married couple lives with or near the wife's family
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Descent
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The system by which members of a soceity trace kinship over generations
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Partrilineal descent/matrilineal descent/bilateral descent
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Tracing kinship through men/women/both
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The family performs several vital tacks, such as
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1.) Socialization
2.) Regulation of sexual activity 3.) social placement 4.) material and emotional secuity |
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Conflict theorists point out how the family perpetuates social inequality by...
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1.) Property and inheritance
2.) Patriarchy 3.) Racial and ethnic inequality Family places a role in social stratification |
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Theoretical analysis of the family
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Family living offers an opportunity for intimacy
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Married women are...
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less happy than single women
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Married men live...
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longer than single men
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4 out of 5 people who divorce...
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remarry
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29% of families with children under 18 have...
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only one parent in the home
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Cohabitation
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the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
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Within a decared, 2 or 3 percent of births in high-income nations
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may be the result of new reproductive technologies
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Sacred
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That which people set apart as extraordinary, inspiring a sense of awe and reverence
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Religion
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A social institution involving beliefs and practices based on a conception of the sacred
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Structural-Functional Analysis of religion
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Society has a power of its own beyond the life of the individual
society itself is a "godlike" being People transform everyday objects into sacred symbols of their collective life |
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Symbolic-interaction analysis of religion
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Religion is socially constructed
Individuals share in the distinction between the sacred and the profane whenever humans confront uncertainty we turn to our scared symbols |
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Social-conflict analysis of religion
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Religion serves ruling elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverty people's attention from social inequities
Religion encourages people to look hopefully to a better world to come religion and social inequality are linked through gender |
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What aparked the industrial revolution?
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The religious doctrine of calvinism
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Liberation theology
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A fusion of christian principles with political activism
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Church
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An organization that is well integrated into the large society
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Sect
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An organization that stands apart from the larger society
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Cult
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An organization that is largely outside a society's cultural traditiosn
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REligiosity
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the importance of religion in a person's life
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Secularization
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the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred
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Civel religion
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A quasi-religious loyalty bindking individuals in a basically secular society
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Education
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The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge
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The manifest functions of schooling
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- Socialization
- Links the generations - hlpes integrate culturally diverse people by teaching a common language - helps people assume approved statuses - sorts students according to talents |
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Latend functions of education
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Keeps children occuptied so parents can work
Cultural values - Competition - Hierarchy - creativity and it's limits |
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The hidden curriculum
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Subtle presentations of political or cultural ideas in the classroom
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Functional illiteracy
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A lack of reading and writing skills needed for everyday living
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Social epidemiology
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The study of how healthy and diseases are distributed throughout a society's population
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The less schooling people have, the greater their chances of
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smoking
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Medicine
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The social institution that focuses on bombating disease and improving health
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Holistic medicine
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An approach to health care taht emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person's entire physical and social envirnment
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Structural-Functional Analysis
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Medicine is viewed as society's strategy to keey its members healthy
illness is dysfunctional because it undermines peoples abilities to perfrom their roles |
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The sick role
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patterms of behavior defined as appropriate for people are ill
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Symbolic-interaction analysis of medicine
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Health and medical care are socially constructed by people in everyday interaction
If we socially construct our ideas of health, members of a poor society may view hunger as normal How we respond to illness is based on social definitions |
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Social conflict analysis of medicine
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Medicine is tied to the operation of capitalism
Profits turned health into corporation Racial and sexual discrimination has been supported by scientific opinions |
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Demography
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Studies factors that affect
population growth and decline population movement composition of population |
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Crude birth rate
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The number of live births in a given year for every thousand people in a population
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Mortaility rate
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The number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each thousand live births in a givern year
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migration
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the movement of poeple into and out of a specified area
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Why did people use to favor large families?
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Because human labor was the key to productivity
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Malthusian Theory
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a warning that population increase would lead to social chaos
- Population increases by geometic progress would soar out of control - food production would increase only in arithmetic progression - people are reproducing beyond what the planet can feed |
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Demographic transition theory
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The thesis that population patterns reflect a society's level of technological development
Pre-industrial societies have high births rates and high death rates Industrialization lowers death rates and increases food supply |
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Zero population growth
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the level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady state
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Urbanization
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the concentration of humanity into cities
The emergense of cities led to higher standards of living As the middle ages came to a close, increasing commerce created a new middle class |
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Native Ameriances formed..
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permanent settlements
added to the growth of us cities |
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The spread of cillages and towns came
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after european colonization
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Early in the nineteenth century...
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towns sprang up!
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Urban expansion was greatest in the
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northern states
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Sunbelt cities
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located in the south and west
60% of our population live in these areas |
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Regional cities
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Metropolitan areas with 50,000 or more peopple plus densely populated surrounding counties
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Edge cities
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business center some distance from the old downtowns
The population here peaks during the work day |
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Third-world cities
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center cities surround by shanty towns
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Who studied how life in the new metropolis differed from life in rural villages?
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Ferdinand Tonnies
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Germeinschaft
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People are closely tied by kinship and tradition
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Gesellschaft
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People come together only on the basis of individual self-interest
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Mechanical solidarity
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Traditional, rural life. People share traditions and lifestyles. They are not highly differeentiated and do not value difference
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Organic solidarity
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social bonds based on specialization and independence. People play different roles and are bound together by their differences
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What % of our waste doesn't go away?
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80%
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Social change
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The transformation of culture and social institutions over time
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Cultural lag
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Some cultural elements change faster than others
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Most social change is
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unplanned
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Social change is
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controversial
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Causes of social change
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- Cultural change
- Conflict - Demography - Technology - ideas - Social movements |
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Modernity
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Social patterns resulting from industrialization
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Moderization
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the process of social change begun by the industrial revolution
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Division of labor
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tasks broken up into component parts and allocated reationally to those who have talent and training to do them
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