Sociology Final

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Minority

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a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in society for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.

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Size Effect Minority

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relatively small number of people, but can be larger in number but have less power.

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Race

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category of people who allegedly share certain biologically inherited physical features that are considered socially important within a society.

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Ethnic Minority

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socially identified by its unique characteristics related to culture or nationality.

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Assimilation

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The integration of a racial or ethnic minority into a society where minority members are given full participation in all aspects of society.

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Anglo-conformity

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Immigrants are accepted as long as they conform to the host society. Traditional American institutions are maintained.

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Melting Pot

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All ethnic and racial minorities blend together.

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Cultural Pluralism

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Recognizes immigrants’ desire to maintain at least a remnant of their “old” ways while accommodating American values and norms.

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Genocide

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Mass murder of most or all of a targeted population.

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Population Transfer

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Minority is forced to leave the territory controlled by the majority.

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Subjugation

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The majority enjoys greater access to culture and lifestyle of the larger society. The most common pattern of conflict. Inequities appear in such areas as power, economics, and education as well as in other important indicators of the quality of life, such as health and longevity.

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Discrimination

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unequal treatment of people based on their minority membership.

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Prejudice

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refers widely to the preconception of a group and its individual members. Involves an either/or type of logic; an overgeneralization based on biased or insufficient information. Biased attitudes.

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Stereotype

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a set of ideas based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification that is applied to all members of a social category.

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Hate Group

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a criminal act motivated by prejudice (related to race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, or ancestry)

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Self fulfilling prophecy

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when an expectation leads to behavior that then causes the expectation to become a reality.

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Institutionalized discrimination

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the result of unfair practices that are part of the structure of society and have grown out of traditionally accepted behaviors.

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Direct institutionalized discrimination

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refers to organizational or community actions intended to deprive a racial or ethnic minority of its rights (e.g., Jim Crow laws)

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Lowest median income

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African Americans

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most successful minority in the US

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Whites

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Gender

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the expectations and behaviors associated with a sex category within a society, acquired through socialization.

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gender identity

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an awareness of being masculine or feminine, based on culture.

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sex

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biological distinction between male and female.

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Research indicates that behavioral differences between men and women

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not genetically based

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In her classic study of primitive Pickup Guinea peoples, Mead demonstrated that gender role behavior was a consequence of

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conditioning

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Iroquois, women’s roles

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power and respect

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sex stereotypes

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labels applied to all members of each sex.

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In a study of fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-grade students, the Sadkers found that teachers were more likely to accept answers called out by students if the student in question was ____.

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male

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communal manhood

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According to Rotundo’s description of the changing ideas of manhood, the conception of manhood that emphasizes a man’s obligation to community is called ____.

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passionate manhood

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According to Rotundo, the culturally created conception of manhood that emphasizes achievement, ambition, combativeness, and aggression is called ____.

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According to Rotundo, the culturally created conception of manhood that emphasizes achievement, ambition, combativeness, and aggression is called ____.

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functionalist

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According to functionalism, division of labor based on gender has survived because

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beneficial for human living

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Symbolic interactionists believe that traditional gender roles persist because

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through elements of the mass media such as books, television, and advertising.

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Marxist and socialist feminists see women’s subordinate position as due to the effects of

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result of two interrelated influences: patriarchal (male-dominated) institutions and the historical development of industrial capitalism.

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sexism

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a set of beliefs, norms, and values used to justify sexual inequality.

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Despite their increased participation in the labor force, women are still

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underpaid

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From the perspective of social interactionism, gender roles

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imparted through socialization.

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scapegoat

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A convenient, non-threatening target on which to blame one’s troubles, frustrations, or failures is called a ____.

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conflict

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Which of the theories explaining prejudice and discrimination views them as the product of deep-seeded hostility and aggression that stem from frustration?

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Authoritarian personality

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What do social scientists call the personality type that is characterized by excessive conformity, inflexibility, fearfulness, and arrogance toward persons or groups thought to be inferior?

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peripheral sector

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Dual labor market theory contends that jobs for minority workers tend to be low-paying jobs in the ____.

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ethnocentrism

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judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.