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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nuclear Waste Funcionalist
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-we need temporary solutions
- Nuclear energy is an effective use of power |
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Nuclear Waste Concflict
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- concern w/ developing unsafe materials
- who is gaining power from this? |
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Nuclear Waste interactionist
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- process of negotiation between stake holders and people who are directly affected
- how the arguments are produced...who is more effective |
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Nuclear Waste
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-Have nukes but no where to put waste
- Yukka mountain |
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Political/legal changes
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- changes in :
laws policies political participation power relationships (ex: who's in power, how it happened, and type of govt.) |
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Economic Changes
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changes in:
economic indicators economic activities composition of sectors unemplyment rates & rates of bankrupcy land & property values tax revenues * Significant changes overall |
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economic indicators
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manufacturing/ retail
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Demographic/ Ecological Changes
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change in:
human migration patterns population composition residential patters/ dev. re dev. & community relocation |
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Social Structural changes
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changes in:
overall social structure relationships between diff social groups organizational dev. or demise social participation in community (ex. civil right movement, black rights, etc.) |
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Quality of Life/ affect changes
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changes in:
attachment residents have in comumunity life satisfaction trust (in govt. or military) |
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Social Change Functionalist
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- functions - cooperation
- well integrated society - STABILITY - change is PREDICTABLE |
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Social Change Conflict
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- power relationships
- tension between groups - inequality issues - change takes place ALL the time - more may benefit than others |
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Social Change Interactionist
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- meaning/ symbols
- how you create meaning through interactons - how YOU respond to overall structural changes |
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Social Change
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SIGNIFICANT changes in society- impacts everyone in society
(ex: implementing speeding fines in a town that never had them) |
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Cultural Lag
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a gap between material culture & non- material culture when non-material culture is trying to adapt to New Material Culture (ex: advances, cat scans, procedures)
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Material Culture
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the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives (ex: cars, computers, clothes) we
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Non- Material Culture
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they way we think about these material objects- regulations and institutions we have in places to deal with material culture issues
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Technology
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the info. on how to use material resources of the environment- to satisfy human needs and desire
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Genetic Engineering Funtion
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- packaging keeps food longer and more available
- ability to cure hereditary diseases - perserving quality of life |
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Genetic Engineering Conflict
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- who is profitting?
- are there health considerations or are we just focusing on economy? - who has better access to these technologies- wealthy? - ethics - cloning? |
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Genetic Engineering Interactionist
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- who's viewpoint is prevelant
- moral issues/ values - advancement of science vs.what is right? - doing some genetic modification and not others - where do we draw the line? |
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(ex: movie Gattica)
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You could choose not to have these diseases, but if you choose to be susceptible to them than your options in life were restricted
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Surveillance/ the internet Function
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- security makes us feel safe
- credit card mailing lists boost sales & economy - useful for finding out information (ex: when buying a house) |
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Surveillance/ the internet Conflict
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- some people are doing the watching and others are ebing watched
- those w/ POWER are doing the watching - sensorship issues: too much info. vs. limiting info. to certain people |
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Surveillance/ the internet Interactionist
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- how convincing both sides of the arguments are
- what symbols are ppl using to get their meaning across? - Internet- increases personal interaction (ex: e-mail, facebook) |
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Rural India Movement
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- textile workers went back to their rural towns with their learned skills and wanted to make improvements
- 3 diff. ways to interpret movement |
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Relative Deprivation- India
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Inequities for women and oppressed ppl of lower castes; provide draught relief
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Resource Moblization-India
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mobilize large numbers of unemployed in rural villages: make use of mid-class leadership
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New Social Movements- INDia
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connect movement to larger IDEALOGICAL ISSUES- related to lack of power in rural areas, the caste system and social justice
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Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement
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- movement to be accepted
- many in this movement were in others as well so they had knowledge to be effective, and organize |
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Relative Deprivation - GLR
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Deprived of medical benefits, right to marry, parental rights, and freedom from descrimination
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Resource Mobilization- GLR
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Experience in early gay rights groups and other social movements gave them organizing ability
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New Social Movements- GLR
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-support of those who "come out" and be proud of their identity & challenge social norms
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Environmentally dangerous installations
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- more likely to be put in poor communities
- black & hispanic communities |
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Native American Reservations
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- nuclear waste dump sites
- no regulations against it - promises to bring money to reservations |
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Way to distrubute Risks
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-Not random/ by chance
- not equally shouldered- some at greater risk - socially distributed so some are at more risk than others |
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Environmental Racism
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- tendancy to keep environmental dangers on disadvantaged and minorities
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Environmental Justice
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- legal strategy used to deal with environmental issues- that minorities are more subject to them
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Race independant of class in:
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- dist. of air pollution
- contaminated fish consump. - location of landfills - toxic waste dumps - lack clean up efforts - lead poisoning in children |
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Super fund sites
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programs that carry out EPA solid waste emergency and long term removla
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In Families earning less than $6000 a year:
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-68% of black children w/ lead poisoning vs. 36% white children
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In families with annual incomes exceeding $15K
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more than 38% black children w/ lead poisoning vs. 12% white children
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When Income was held constant:
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black children 2 to 3 times more likely to have lead poisoning
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Lead poisoning example
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shows that racial stratification still exists- class issue
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Other Environmental Concerns
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- pollution worldwide
- what we do with garbadge - Global Warming and sea-level rises (Comparing countries risk dist.) (make sense of problems and how to deal with them) |
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why is the environment a concern for sociologists?
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modern tech. and industry compared to social institutions
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Social construction of Environmental Problems:
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- social probs. don't emerge spontaneously
- they are contested phenomena - depend on supporters and detractors to make the public aware of them |
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Claims makers
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how they present their arguments and are heard
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Social Causes of impacts to environment
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interplay between physical and social landscape
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Consequences of environmental impacts
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are socially distributed
(ex: dependancy theory, poor countries are dependant) |
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Computer Goods -Functionalist
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-Passing on equipment that may still be useable
-"bridging the digital divide" - gets rid of things we dont want here (environmental waste) - treaty- we should protect the earth because it is our home |
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Computer goods -Conflict
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- not really advancing these countries
- using them as dump site - power difference: US wont sign treaty |
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Computer Goods- symbolic interactionist
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- Americans feel good for "donating" computers
- focuses on claimsmaker - who is benefitting? Who's making claims? Who is better? |
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Dumping in Dixie
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Robert Bullard
- environmental rascism - focused on African- Amer. - moving communities to try and get away from waste - communities dont have a strong poilitical voice- they can't fight back |
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Spatial location
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of waste sites in Houston
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1st US lawsuit
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charged discrimination in a waste facility under the civil rights act
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neighborhoods were
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economically and politically vaunerable
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LULUs
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Locally Unwanted Land Uses
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Norwood Manner in Houston
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predominantely black middle class
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the residentail character of neighborhood
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est. before the trash is brought in
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NIMBY
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Not In My Back Yard
- need to put waste somewhere, but not in our backyards |
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PIBBY
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Place In Black's Back Yard
- that is where the wast goes |
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Collective Behavior
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social behavior where usual conventions fail to guide social actions
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People collectively
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trancend, bypass, or subvert established intstitutional patterns and structures
- Groups of people |
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collective Behavior (contnd.)
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- mixture of spontaneous and organized action
- level of organization - people are bypassing social conventions and developing new ways to behave together - GROUPS of people - how people make sense of a situation |
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Ex. of collective behavior
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Flight 93 - everyone knew what was happening and worked together
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Crowd
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-temporary gathering
- close proximity - share a common focus or INTEREST - has diff elements - PERMEABLE boundaries of crowd- it changes and so does dynamice |
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Milling
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looking at reactions of people around you
(ex: fire alarm goes off - see what other ppl are doing around u- how they are reacting) |
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Keynoting
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One or two individuals react to situation
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Milling
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looking at reactions of people around you
(ex: fire alarm goes off - see what other ppl are doing around u- how they are reacting) |
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Emergent Norm Model
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NEW norms develop in NEW conditions
- reflect shared convictions shared by members and enforced through sanctions - actual behavior or way of acting in a new situation (ex: looting or rioting)- becomes acceptable, everyone is doing it- norms dev. |
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Emergent Norm- Immigrants
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- norm for ppl to hire illegal immigrants
- boycotts, marches, imm. demonstrate their importance to the economy - they spend $, new spanish anthem, legal immigrants have prob. with them |
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Value- Added Model
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Structural strains and generalized beliefs help to mobilize ppl for action
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Smelser's determinants
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-structural condusiveness
- structural strain - generalized belief - preciptating factor - ready to mobilize into action - control is exercised |
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structural condusiveness
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a group facilitates competing interests/ different opinions
- Key Event, precipitating factor, or event to spark collective behavior |
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Immigrant- Structural Condisiveness
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-Immigrants are seen as lower
- they compete with amer. lower class for jobs - they eat up welfare |
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Structural Strain
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- AWARE of competing interests
(ex: beating of a black man on TV by cops)- significant event- causes group to take ACTION |
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Generalized Belief
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- CHANGE IS POSSIBLE
- A shared view of reality redefines social action and guides behavior |
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Precipitating factor
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The event which sparks group behavior
(ex: Bill making illegal immigrants felons - sparked rallies) |
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A Group Ready to Mobilize into Action
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- community based orgs, existing immigrants rights groups
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Immigrants- A Group Ready to Mobilize into Action
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- needed multiple voices, ban together and make us realize their importance
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Manner in which Control is exercised
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- How authorities react
(ex: immigrant rallies peaceful, authorities unable to do anything) |
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Assembling Perspective
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Social events follow PREDICTABLE patterns of social behavior
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People gather at points
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Periodically, or non- periodic events- info. about the event is tansmitted in a casual way (word of mouth)
(ex: tickets for baseball game are schedualed) (ex: vigils- not schedualed or regularly occuring) |
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Immigrants- Assembling Perspective
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-Immigrants PLANNED boycotts- rallies not a regualr occurance- standard & predicatble
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Interaction between Spectators
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watch/ not watch- join/ not join
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Social Movements
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Organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change
Change = KEY factor (ex: civil rights movement) - steps outside of TRADITIONAL CHANNELS in order to change social policy |
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Movement types
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personal transformation movements
- changing the individual (ex: religious movements, new ageism (crystals, meditation)) |
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Reform
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legal ways to change things - govt. funding- Institutionalized
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Radical
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not so legal- rejects insititutions
(ex: greenpeace) |
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Social Change Movements
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- norm or value focused (both)
- reform or radical - broader society change (ex: gay rights, animal rights) - might want to return to a previous way of life - want to change values - alliances between groups may accomplish more |
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Values
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an idea of how things should be done
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Discrimination
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unties diff. groups of people
- value issues - social inequality - prosperity |
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symbols
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pride and identity issues
- flag, anthem |
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reactionary movements
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- try to resist change
- backlash against new vaules - bring about change in reaction to whats going on (ex: pro-life movement in reaction to abortions) - go back to the way things were (abortions bad and hard to get) |
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Relative deprivation 1
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feeling that they have a right to their goals
(ex: based on their contributions, immigrants feel they have a right to stay) |
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Relative deprivation 2
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shared percption that members can cause change
- should be able to have those goals (ex: immigrants thought that they could rally for change to reach their goals) |
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Relative deprivation 3
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People don't need to feel deprived in order to act
(ex: legal immigrants also stood up for illegal ones even though they werent illegal) |
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Relative Deprivation 4
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a negative discrepancy between legitamite expectations and present actualities
(ex: original boycotts not very sucessful- need more measures to chnage legislation) |
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Immigrant relative deprivation
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dont have a voice in congress- want voices heard but dont have one
- what they want vs. waht they have access to |
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Resource Mobilization
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-UTILIZES RESOURCES like money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel
- Acess, and ability to mobilize is key - organizational base and continuity of leadership |
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The success of social movements depends on
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which resources are avialable and how effectively they are used
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Immigrant resource mobilization
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- no continuity of leadership
- acess to resources was limited except they had a lot of personnel - tried to gain help in higher places - can't SUSTAIN a push for change, just daily rallies |
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NEW social movements
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- organized activities that adress values and social inequalities & improvements to quality of life
- govt. not an ally - many are global movements (cover many issues) |
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Social movements arise when:
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People are motivated by value issues and social identity questions
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Disaster myth 1
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that its a result of physical events and leaves everyone in its path equally vaulnerable
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Disaster Truth 1
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- social events that leave some groups more vaulnerable than others
- some believe its fate- left up to god - some cultures believe it is going to happen because of the decisions they make |
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Klinenberg
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-1995 Heat wave chicago
- social isolation occured- african american men - 1/3 bodies left unclaimed - income- access to materials to improve situation - language-could ppl understand warnings? - thought it was safer to stay indoors than sleep out in cooler parks |
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disaster myth 2
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The response and help will come solet from heroes
(ex: Pierce Brosnan) |
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Disaster Truth 2
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There is a multiorganizational response, everyone helps
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Disaster Myth 3
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Widespread role abandonment by emergency responders
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Disaster Truth 3
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- usually no role abandonment expecially when they know their family is safe- stick to roles
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Disaster Myth 4
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Widespreas panic, looting, and anti-social behavior
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Disaster Truth 4
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Panic and looting are rare in disasters
exceptions = if building escape is quickly closing (ex: nightclub fire) - difficult for ppl to leave others behind and not help - pro- social behavior - crime rates decrease |
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Disaster Myth 5
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send any assistance- all help is necessary
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Disaster Truth 5
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- innapropriate materials are not helpful
(ex: truckload of pumpkins) - money is the most help, but convergence of materials is also good |
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Convergence
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the influx of ppl, resources, and info. into a disaster zone
- money can use where needed - can buy local goods |
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Fritz and Mathewson
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3 types of convergence:
People, curious, ? |
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People Convergence
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-returnees- people coming back to area
-Anxious- people looking for missing loved ones - helpers- fire, police, govt. volunteers, outside help |
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Outside help
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- problem: might not know what to be doing- order confusion- might get in way
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Curious Convergence
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- celebs, media, politicians
- cause distractions - exploiters- sell shirts,etc - supporters- show support - mourners & memorializers |
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Disaster Myth 6
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Response is soely responsibility of govt.
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Disaster Truth 6
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- help comes from many people and organizations
- DRC typology |
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DRC typology
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Established
Expanding Extending Emergent |
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Quarantelli & Dynes
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- Organizational Structures
TASK CHART |
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Established
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strucure does change- does the same thing
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Expand
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- do things the same pre and post disaster, but the structure of organization expands to fit disaster
(ex: Red Cross) |
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Extending
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Same structure in Place but new purpose
(ex: buke courriers hand out coffee) (school used as shelter) |
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Emergent
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- new tasks, activities, and organizational structures
(ex: charities that develop after the disaster: search and rescue: bucket brigades) |
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Disaster Myth 7
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Centralized decision making and response is always appropriate- hierarchical structure
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Disaster Truth 7
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disasters necessitate decentralized decision making structures and networks
- order in the chaos - COMMUNICATION and COORDINATION more appropriate |
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Command and Control incorrectly assumes:
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- govt. only responder
- info. from outside official channels is innacurate - role abandonment - "sticking to the plan" will always work - citizens are passive and irrational - there will be a mass panic - flexibility is counter productive- only formal orgs. |
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planning and improvisation
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-very important
- balance between things in place & things that negotiate with order (ex: 9/11 emergency work pods) |
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resource or facility
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- plan is in place
- original plan was appropriate - plan can't be carried out (facility destroyed) - work to reproduce the facility that was there before |
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Credentialing system Badges Example
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- plan in place- badges
- doesn't matter if plan cant be carried out - plan deemed no longer appropriate- need new ones - created changes to badges based on new needs |
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Functionalist Environmental Sociology
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- human ecology: interrelationships between humans and their environment
- Dunlap |
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Conflict - Environmental Sociology
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- WEstern intducstrialized nations- consumers
- less afflunet nations have to exploit their resources to pay off debt |
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Consumption Rates
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-Us is 5 % of world population
- consumes more than 50% of world's nonrenewable resources - 33% of all raw materials |
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Love Canal
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-the clean upper- mid class white neighboorhoood "love"
- the state came in and dumped toxic waste in canal - controversey |
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Albany
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same scenerio as "Love" but it didn't have the same controversy attention because it was a poor black neighborhood
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Thomas Robert Malthas **
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- late 1700's
- population is growing more rapidly than the food supply - Essays on the principles of Population 1798 |
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Marx
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- thought population increases had to do with capitalism and economy
- capitalism made tools, if society were well ordered, then population growth would lead to wealth |
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Life expectancy
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Japan highest- 81 %
Mozambique lowest- 33.5 % World Average- 66.8 % U.S. - 77.2 % |
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Demographic Transition Stage 1
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Pretransition Stage
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Demographic Transition Stage 2
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Transition stage
-Period of rapid population growth |
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Demographic Transition Stage 3
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Posttransition Stage
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Apartheid **
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South Africa's system of segregation- Separate blacks and other non- whites from Whites
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Suburbanization **
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1980-1990- population growth in suburbia 14 %
- total Us population rose by 10 % |
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Sunning of America **
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-migration to the "sun belt" south and west states
- absorbed almost 2/3 population - less expensive |
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Rural Life Rebound **
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migration to non-metropolitan rural areas in 1990's
- by 1998 had spread out and rebirth to suburbs again |
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Birthrate **
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-crude birthrate
- number of live births per 1,000 pop. in a given year |
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Census **
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a counting of the population
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Death Rate **
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- crude death rate
the number of deaths per 1,000 pop. in a given year |
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Demographic Transition **
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the change from high birthrates and death rates to low ones
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Demography **
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the scientific study of population
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Growth Rate **
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The difference between births and deaths plus the difference between immigrants and emmigranst per 1,000 pop.
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Infant mortality rate **
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number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births a year
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Life expectancy **
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the median number of years expected to live under current mortality conditions
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Migration **
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movement of ppl with the purpose of changing their residence
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Population Pyramid **
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bar chart that shows the distribution of pop. by gender and age
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR)**
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average #of children born alive to any woman, assuming she conforms to current fertility rates
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Vital stats **
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records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system
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Zero Pop. growth (ZPG)**
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when the pop. where the # of births plus immigrants = the # of deaths plus immigrants
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craze
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an exciting mass involvement that lasts for a long time
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crowd
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a temporary gathering of ppl in close proximity who share a common focus or interest
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disaster **
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A sudden or disruptive event that overtaxes a community's resources so that outside aid is necessary
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fad **
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a temporary pattern of behavior with large numbers of ppl and is independant of preceding trends
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False conciousness**
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- Karl Marx
- attitude held by members of a class that doesn't actually reflect their objective position |
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Fashion
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A pleasureable mass involvement that has a line of historical conitnuity
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Panic
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A fearful arousal or collective flight based on a general belief that may or may not be accurate
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Periodic
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reoccuring, routine
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non- periodic
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non- reoccuring- results from word of mouth
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public
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a dispersed group of ppl who share an interest or issue
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public opinion
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expressions of attitudes on matters of public policy
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Rumor
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a piece of info. gathered informally and used to interpret an ambigous situation
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language on internet
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1996- english 80%
2005- English 27% Chinese 20% |
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Internet Access
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56.2 %- Asian American adults
46.1 %- White American Adults -more asain adults, but more White children |
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evolutionary theory of society
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believed society was moving towards a higher state
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Parsons
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- functionalist theory
- society in a natural state of equilibrium/ balance |
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equilibrium model
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- functionalist view that society tends toward a state of balance
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Luddites
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- 19th century England
- rebellious craft workers who destroyed new factory machinery |
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Multilinear evolutionary theory
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- theory of social change that states change can occur in many ways and does not always lead in the same direction
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normal accident
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a failure that is inevitable
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technology
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info. about how to use the material resources to satisfy human needs
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Unilinear evolutionary theory
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all societies pass through the same successive stages of evolution and reach the same end
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Vested interests
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ppl or groups that will suffer in the event of social change & who have a stake in maintaining the staus quo
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