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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociology
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Scientific study of human society and social interaction
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Sociology as a science
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Body of knowledge obtained by logical, systematic methods of research
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Sociology as Science that systematically studies
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A. Social behavior of individuals
B. Workings of social groups, organizations, cultures C. Influence of social groups, organizations, cultures and societies on individual & group behavior |
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Sociological Imagination
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C. Wright Mills
Ability to view one's own society as an outsider rather than from the limited perspective of personal experiences and cultural biases |
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Auguste Comte
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Founder/ Father of Sociology
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Karl Marx
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Major theme of work: Inequality between the workers and the owners of the means of production
Marxian Theory: power resides in those with economic dominance |
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Emile Durkheim
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First professor of sociology.
Major Contributions: 1)Non psychological explanation of social life.2) Introduced statistical techniques in social research.3) ideas forerunner of functionalist theory. |
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Functionalism(structural functional) theory
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Society is a system of highly interrelated parts that operate together harmoniously
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Symbolic Interaction Theory
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Interaction that takes place between people through symbols
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Max Weber(symbolic interaction theorist)
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Emphasized importance of understanding social world from viewpoint of the individuals who act within it.
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Charles horton cooley(symbolic interaction theorist)
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The look glass self- the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others
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herbert Blumber ( symbolic interaction theorist)
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Coined term " symbolic interactionism"
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scientific method
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A systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem.
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Hypothesis
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Statements that express an informed guess regarding the possible relationship between two or more phenomena
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Variable
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any concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary from one person,time,situation or society to another
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Independent Variable
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variable that influences another variable
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Correlation
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Exists when a change in one variable coincides with a change in the other variables.
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Surveys
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Asking relatively large sample of people a standard set of questions.
Benefits: a great deal of information can be gather easily/efficiently Limitations: Distorted findings since data involves peoples words-not their actions |
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Random Sample
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Everyone has the same chance
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Horticultural
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-The use of hand tools to raise crops
-Developed technology to help them plant/hunt -Less nomadic -task specialization/division of labor -limited technology |
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Agrarian/agicultural
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-large scale cultivation using plows drawn by animals
-settled society -Task specialization/division of labor -Increased technology |
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Statuses
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Socially recognized/defined position in a group or society
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Ascribed status
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Conferred by society independent of an individual's effort or abilities.
-Assigned at birth |
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Master status
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Status that dominates others and thereby determines a persons general positions within society
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Role Conflict
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Incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same individual.
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Instincts
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Not born with instincts
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Anticipatory socialization
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processes of socialization in which individual "rehearses" for future social roles/statuses
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Resocialization
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process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones
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Material culture
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Physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.
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Values
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Items that reflect non-materical cultural meanings ex. tools,money
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Safety
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Items that act as buffers between humans and their environment. Ex. House, clothes
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survival
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Humans modify their environment
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Norms
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shared rules prescribing desirable behavior in specific situation
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Formal Norms
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Written down and involve strict rules for punishment of violators
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Informal norms
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Norms that are generally understood but are not written down.
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Folkways
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norms governing everyday bahavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern
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Informal sanctions
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Applied by person/group without authority
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Ethnocentrism
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tendency to use ones own cultural values in evaluating the beliefs and customs of other cultures with different values
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Cultural relativism
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Each culture should be studied/viewed only in relation to itself
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Argot
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Specialized language that distinguishes group from larger society.
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culture shock
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the disorientation and emotion people feel when encountering a culture different from their own
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Social stratification
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a system in each society that ddefines how social rank is determined and social rewards are distributed
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Social inequality
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The uneven distribution of privileges, material rewards, opportunities, power, prestige, and influence among individuals or groups.
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Intergenerational
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Social changes in level of family through two or more generations
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Education
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Primary means to occupation
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Minority groups
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any group in a society that consists of people whose particular biological or social traits cause them to become the object of prejudice or discrimination
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Minority Vs. Majority group
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Differences not in numbers but in power of each group
Terms "dominant" and "subordinate" more descriptive than Majority and minority |
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Prejudice
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judgment of people, objects, or situations in terms of stereotypes or generalizations
(An attitude) |
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Stereotype
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Characteristics attributed to social categories that are oversimplified and inaccurate
(Attitude) |
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Prejudice Vs. Discrimination
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Prejudice = attitude/ feeling
Discrimination= Action Do not always go together |
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Pioneer study
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Gordon Allport
Conditions that can reduce prejudice: -pple from 2 groups working toward common goals -Both groups cooperate/depend on each other to reach goals -All group members have equal status while working together -group members contact is sanctioned by some authority |
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Racism
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belief that one's own race or ethnicity is superior to that of others
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Racism
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-Intergrated set of beliefs
-applies to both racial/ethnic groups -involves ideas of biological and environmental determinism -passed from generation to generation |
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Institutional racism
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Term coined by Stokely carmichael and Charles Hamilton
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Economic institutions
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-minority groups confined to secondary market due to past over and legal discrimination
-Disproportionate number of minorities work in jobs with no security, low pay, few benefits |
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Educational institutions
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Education is cheif means of entering the primary labor market and one main avenue of upward mobility
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Racial profiling
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Arbitrary action by an authority based on race, ethnicity or national orgin rather than on a person's behavior.
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Gender identification
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gender is culturally and socially constructed differenes between females and males
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Sex
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biological traits that distinguish the male/female members of a species
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sexual orientation
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Reflects identity not behavior(not practice of who you have sex with)
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Gender role
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Social role associated with being male or female
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Gender role socialization
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ways we learn our gender identity and develop our feminity or masculinity
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Functions of family
Reproduction |
Family of Procreation- family created from off spring of family of orientation.
family contributes to human survival through reproduction |
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Functions of family
Regulation of sexual behavior |
Exogamy- requires people to marry outside a particular group
- Sexual relations are restricted by societies to certain members |
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Extended family
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Consists of parents, dependent children and other relatives living in the same household
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Nuclear family
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Consists of wife, husband, dependent children who live indpendently of other relatives
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Family
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group of two or more persons relater by blood, marriage, or adoption who reside together
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Household vs family
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Houshold- consists of all people who occupy a housing unit regardless of relationship
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Kinship
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state of being related to others
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monogamy
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one man and one woman married to each other
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serial monogamy
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individuals marry several people but only one at a time
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polygamy
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more than one spouse at a time
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polygyny
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a man can marry more than one woman at a time
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polyandry
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woman can marry more than one man at a time
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Romantic love
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-ideal
-came from the age of chivalry, not basis for marriage |
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Marriage
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based on rational/economic decision
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Profane
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All empirically observable things that are knowable through ordinary experience ( mundane aspects of daily life)
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Sacred
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traits or objects that symbolize important values
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Belief
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Statements to which members of a particular religion adhere
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Sect
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relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other reilgious organization, sets itself apart from society and makes heavy demands on its members
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Cult
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religious group that professes a new religious belief, totaly rejects society, and consists of members with extreme devotion to their charismatic leader
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Manifest
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Transmission of knowledge
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Latent
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Promoting social/political integration.
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Conflict view
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-instrument of elite domination
-reinforces existing social class inequalities |
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Rational- legal authority
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power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations
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pluralist model
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power in political systems is dispersed throughout many competing interest groups
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Political socialization
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the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior
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Deviance
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any behavior that members of a society or social group perceive as a violation of norms
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Positive aspects of deviance
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increase group cohesion
clarify/ reaffirm norms tolerance helps minimize severe problems/conflicts helps bring changes in social policy |
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Strain theory
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Merton
when a situation of anomie exists there is nothign to restrain people from deviant behavior |
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Lableing theory
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Becker
Process by which some people are labeled deviant by others |
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white collar/corporate crime
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elite deviance: criminal acts committed by the wealthy and powerful. often much more costly in economic terms than other types of crime and punistment is more lenient
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victimless crime
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willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services
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Demography
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Scientific study of the compostition, distribution and changes in human population
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What demographers study
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Composition of a population: the numbers/ type of people classified by charateristics such as sex race
population density: how a population is dispersed geographically |
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factors related to growth/decline of populations
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1. fertility
2. birth rates |
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Death rates
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us death rates are low by world standards
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Riley E Dunlop
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Argued that the traditional human centered western way of thinking encouraged the rapid exploitation of natural resources
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Most important ecological factors
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growth in population
Alteration of environment through technology |
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desertification
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the creation of a desert in what was once arable land
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Land pollution and waste disposal
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major problem with landfills
1) three most popular methods of disposing - dumping -incineration -recycling |
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Socail behavior
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1. patterned-follows rules
2. based on statuses/norms |
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collective behavior
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relatively spontaneous social actions that occur when people respong to unstructured and ambiguous situations
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Characteristics of crowds
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magnetic
potential for unpredictable behavior lack of structure/direction self generating equality density |
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Threatened crowd
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crowd that is in a state of alarm beleiveing there to be some kind of danger present
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fashion
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a transitory change in the standards of dress or manners in a given society
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resistance movements
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organized to resist or seek reversal of changes
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reform movements
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goal is to alter part of society focus on a single issue
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