Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Racialization
|
Formation of a new racial identity around a formerly unnoticed group of people
Ex: 9-11 anti-Muslim-backlash- singling out Arabs or anyone who looks like an arab Has resulted in prejudice, profiling, and discrimination based on name or appearance |
|
|
African Americans
-Major Characteristics |
-High rates of crime, poverty, unemployment, incarceration, and health problems
-Unemployment and incarceration of young black males may have contributed to declining marriage rate -Growing educated middle class, but still behind white middle class in income, assets. -Immigrants from Africa and Carribean may resist being lumped in with African Americans |
|
|
Native Americans
-Major Characteristics |
-Decimated by European colonizers through war and new diseases
-Segregated on reservations, often land that noone wanted -Forced assimilation of children in government-run schools -Today Native Americans are on the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder |
|
|
Asian Americans
-Major Characteristics |
-First wave: mid-19th century most unskilled laborers from China. Faced strong prejudice and discrimination.
-Second-wave: most educated and skilled from all Asia. -Unique among U.S. minorities because of high economic status |
|
|
Japenese Americans
-Major Characteristics |
-Were imprisoned, persecuted, and property seized during WWII
- |
|
|
Mexican Americans
-Major Characteristics |
Majority of Latino immigrants were from Mexico
|
|
|
Cuban Americans
-Major Characteristics |
May be most economically advantaged:
-First wave immigration was middle class; established businesses & communities, provided support for next wave |
|
|
Rousseau
-Stratification |
-Social inequality stems from private property
-Private property creates unequal access to resources -Ultimately leads to resentment and conflict -Viewed human nature as basically good; private property as the problem -Influenced socialist thought |
|
|
Malthus
-Stratification |
-Inequality keeps population in check - too much growth= poverty and starvation, thinning out population
-Generally harsh view of the poor -Did not consider innovation, improved food production |
|
|
Hegel
-Stratification |
-Social relationship follow 'master slave' model
-Master is as dependent on slave as slave is on master >can't live without slaves labor and services -Basic social relationship is domination and exploitation -Ideas about equality would evolve over time -Master-slave model will die out --More equal opportunity today upward mobility is possible --Employees still depended on corporations, still exploited |
|
|
Marx
-Stratification |
-Class defined by relationship to means of productoin
-Saw 2 major classes: >Proletariat-working class >Bourgeoisie-employing class -Under capitalist system, employer makes profit system by extracting 'surplus value' from employee >ex: getting more work than employee is for -Argued that this oppressive system caused much misery and would eventually self-destruct |
|
|
Weber
-Stratification |
-Money may bring power but does not guarantee that power will be exercised
-Positions in organizations may have more power and influence -Looked at stratification in terms of influence organizations and political processes -Power is correlated with prestige and wealth |
|
|
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
|
May be used to defined social classes:
-upper upper class -lower upper -upper middle -lower middle -working -lower Stratification as a combination of education, occupational prestige, and income |
|
|
Social Mobility
|
Movement between different positions within a system of social stratification
|
|
|
Structural Mobility
|
Inevitable in changes in the economy, such as the expansion of high-tech jobs and loss of other jobs. Cause of upward mobility in the last 50 years.
|
|
|
Exchange Mobility
|
People 'trading' positions; distribution of jobs stays the same, with some people moving up and others moving down
|
|
|
Estate system
|
Politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility that is best exemplified in the social organization the feudal Europe and the pre-civil war american south
|
|
|
Caste System
|
Stratification based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and generally offers no prospects for social mobility. The varna system in India is the most common example today of caste system
|
|
|
Class System
|
Economically based system of stratification characterized by somewhat loose social mobility and categories based on roles in the production process rather than individual characteristics
|
|
|
Status Attainment Models
|
Approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristics of people who end up in more desirable occupations
|
|
|
Poverty Threshold (Line)
|
Estimated food cost per household size, multiplied by 3. Household with income below this line is considered 'poor'
|
|
|
PRWORA Act
|
'Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act'
-Part of Welfare Reform Act (1996) |
|
|
Susan Mayer
|
-Giving more money to poor does not mean it's going used to help improve their children's lives
-Good parenting is not dependent on income -Rich families expose children to more possibilities, expectations, and aspirations -Consistent with others notion of 'limited world' of poor children |
|
|
Perverse Incentives
|
Reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior
-Welfare makes marriage and work less attractive -Wages may be subtracted from welfare benefits, making work cost money |
|
|
Ontological Equality
|
notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God
|
|
|
Equality of Opportunity
|
The idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game, so to speak, remain fair
|
|
|
Equality of Condition
|
The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
|
|
|
Equality of Outcome
|
A position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the 'game'
|
|
|
Meritocracy
|
A society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement
|
|
|
% of Population considered 'upper class'
|
Approximately 1%
|
|
|
Cultural vs. Structural Explanations of poverty
|
Culture: poor people adopt different behaviors for survival
-Poor people have different values -May perpetuate cycle of poverty, passed onto kids -Cultural biased theory, often used by welfare critics Structure: deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, discrimination make it difficult to transition to work -May jobs do not pay living wage or provide benefits -Lack of jobs results in shortage of eligible men to marry |
|
|
Eugenics
|
literally meaning 'well born' the science of genetic lines and the inheritable traits they pass on from generation to generation
|
|
|
One drop rule
|
the belief that 'one drop' of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation
|
|
|
Miscegenation
|
Term for multiracial marriage; literally meaning 'a mixing of kinds' it is politically and historically charged-sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage
|
|
|
White Privilege
|
'Invisible knapsack of privileges'
-Whites embrace being 'white' while blacks are stuck in a racial category |
|
|
Why U.S. has so much income inequality
|
GLOBALIZATION-the rise in the trade of goods and services across national boundaries as well as the mobility of businesses and labor through immigration.
|
|
|
Structural Functionalism
|
Theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (family, division of labor, or gender) which exit in order to fulfill some set of functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc)
|
|
|
Authority
|
- justifiable right to exercise power.
|
|
|
power
|
- ability to carry out one’s will despite resistance
|
|
|
traditional authority (definition and examples)
|
- a long established way of doing things. *Not very flexible or adaptable
|
|
|
charismatic authority (definition and examples)
|
- personal appeal of an individual leader.
*Difficult to maintain or pass on |
|
|
legal
|
-rational authority (definition and examples)- legal, impersonal rules that have been routinized and rationalized.
|
|
|
interest groups
|
- organized for purpose of influencing political decisions. 10,000 interest groups in the U.S. Interest groups have great influence on public policy
|
|
|
power elite (Mills) -
|
– same small group of individuals operate between corporations, military, and executive branch. Are personally acquainted. Same schools and social circles. Shared values and strong consensus.
|
|
|
governing class (Domhoff, Dye)-
|
found strong evidence of a a cohesive upper class. Looked at private clubs, schools, social register. Most members were well educated, affluent, urban, white, anglo saxon, upper class. Over represented in leadership positions in government, business and military. And Domhoff called them the “governing class”
|
|
|
Weber’s paradox of authority –
|
states may use coercion, but they shouldn’t have to (coercion= people are not obeying) Legitimate authority is not working.
|
|
|
Weber’s two types of domination
|
–
domination by economic power = coercion, reward domination by authority = willing obedience to legitimate authority |
|
|
3 theories of development of the welfare state
|
- System in which the state is responsible for the welfare of its citizens, at least during hardship
*logic of industrialism thesis – industrialization creates dependents; state must help care for them *neo-Marxist theory – capitalist state must grant concessions to workers to prevent revolt *State-centered – bureaucrats use social welfare projects to further their own interests |
|
|
gender
|
- social construct, social arrangements that are built around sex
|
|
|
sex-
|
natural or biological characteristics of males and females
|
|
|
sexuality
|
desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior
|
|
|
race
|
- a group of people who share similar characteristics – usually physical ones- and are said to share a common bloodline. Race is also a social construct – defined by culture and society (e.g., “whiteness” was broadly defined in the past, more narrow now).
|
|
|
ethnicity
|
- voluntary, self defined, nonhierarchical, fluid, cultural, and not always linked to the power differences. Ethnicity becomes racialized when it is subsumed under a forced label, racial markers, or “others”
|
|
|
racism
|
- belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal human traits.
|
|
|
glass ceiling
|
- an invisible lid on womens clib up the employment ladder
|
|
|
glass escalator
|
– the promotional ride men take to the top of work organization, especially in femanized jobs
|
|
|
sex/gender system
|
- Gayle Rubin propsed the system arguing that every society participates in some for or another- every society in some way transforms your gender status
|
|
|
main points of feminism
|
- gender as a social construct- all of social life and experience is influenced by gender
|
|
|
doing gender”
|
- people create their social realities and identities through interactions with one another
|
|
|
know main points of EACH theory of gender roles:
|
Freudian theory- anatomy is destiny – biological determinism
socialization theories- root of all social relations is stemmed from unequal gender relations cognitive theory-childs understanding of gender developes with age interactionist theory- being a man or woman is a matter or doing not natural being conflict theory- world divded into 2 groups men and women being in competition in struggle for recourses (women always loose) |
|
|
Weber’s “iron cage”
|
– referring to modern life and his thoughts on beauracracy - we are confined by the capitalist work ethic
|
|
|
Puerto Ricans
-Major Characteristics |
They've been able to travel freely to United states since 1917 when Puerto Rico became American Territory
-10% of Latino immigrants came from Puerto Rico -Motivation for Latino immigratoin is economic ecause America's high demand for cheap labor |
|
|
Chinese Americans
-Major Characteristics |
-Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: ban against the chinese in 1907 marked first time in American history a group was singled out.
-1st wave were predominantly unskilled laborers -2nd wave made up of well-educated and highly skilled people people |
|
|
Contact between minority & majority
|
4 broad forms relations can take: assimilation, pluralism, segregation, and conflict
|
|
|
Responses of minortiy group to oppression
|
Several responses to oppression, 4 outlined: withdrawl, passing, acceptance, and resistance
|
|
|
James Davis
-Stratification |
-The one-drop rule was highly efficient, not least because it completely erased stratification within black community that had previously been based on skin tone.
|
|
|
Barrington Moore
-Stratification |
Hypothesizes fate of each nation is determined by struggle between social classes
-Believes ermergense of modern capitalism is important to development of political democracy |
|
|
Power
-Stratification |
3 major institutional forces in Modern American society where power has become centralized:
1. economic institution-few hundred giant corps holding keys to economic decisions 2. political order-once decentralized to states and localities, increasing concentration of power in fed gov't 3.military order-largest, most expensive feature of gov't |
|
|
Disadvantage of using income as a measure of poverty
|
It is an inaccurate measurement because your income is what you make before taxes are taken out and before you subtract the debt you are in. It is solely the money you receive- you may have a high income but if you owe a lot in debts/taxes you don't end up with much.
|
|
|
Cycle of Poverty
|
Poverty is passed on to kids, discrimination makes it difficult to transition to work.
-structural poverty is when you have job but wages dont cover expenses -cultural when you have to adapt to other living behaviors for survival (passed onto children) |
|
|
Moving to Opportunity Study (MTO)
-James Rosenbaum |
-Families in treatment groups experienced less stress from violence and other factors and were happier and healthier. In children test scores increased, truancy dropped and health improved.
-If income is not main problem, social division -Did not answer poverty question because the income factor remained constant |
