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80 Cards in this Set
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Any behavior disapproved by a large or influential portion of society |
Deviance |
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Failure to conform to A law |
Crime |
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Used pseudoscientific language as part of successful moral crusade to criminalize marijuana (said it could cause death, insanity, or murder) |
1937 marijuana tax act |
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Refers to all social processes used to minimize deviance from social norms |
Social control |
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The type of control with spontaneous reactions to behavior that anyone can administer such as gestures, frowns, smile’s or gossip and praise |
Informal social control |
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This is a well-defined social control applied by people with institutional credentials such as priests, police, or justices |
Formal social control |
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This is a predatory crime |
STREET CRIME • violent offenses such as murder, forcible rape, assault and robbery • burglary, larceny- theft, and motor vehicle theft |
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Illegal acts in which all direct participants are consenting adults |
Victimless crimes |
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Examples of victimless crimes |
Drug use, illegal sex acts between consenting adults, use of illegal sexual explicit materials, gambling |
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Why are prostitutes more likely to be arrested than their customers? |
Because the customers are a group with power |
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Why can some victimless crime‘s lead to an increase in crime and lawlessness?? |
Addicts may need to steal to fund their habits. Same with gamblers |
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Arguments for keeping drugs illegal |
• tells society that some behaviors will not be tolerated • most people will use drugs if they are legal • refusing to penalized drug use encourages people to use and abuse drugs |
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Illegal acts carried out by respectable members of the community |
White-collar crimes • income tax evasion, insurance fraud, credit card fraud, computer theft • consumer fraud in healthcare, real estate, automotive sales |
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Offenders are large organizations or corporation’s rather than individual’s |
Corporate crime • Employees and organizations are victimized by these crimes • offenders are usually white middle-class and highly educated |
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Normlessness; A lack of effective norms governing people‘s behavior’s |
ANOMIE •Robert Merton |
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How does anomie develop? |
When society teaches people to want or need certain things, but fails to provide legitimate opportunities to get those things. |
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4 deviant adaptations to anomie |
• innovation • ritualism • retreatism • rebellion |
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Innovators use alternative methods, including criminal ones, to achieve legitimate ends |
Innovation |
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Continue to follow the rules (often compulsively) but give up on the goal of economic success |
Ritualism |
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Withdrawal from both means and goals of society |
Retreatism |
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Turn away from accepted goals and means of achieving them |
Rebellion |
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Producing just enough food, clothing and shelter to survive |
Subsistence level |
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Move around in a limited geographic range based on food availability |
Nomadic |
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Land is the means of production, landowners obtain most of the wealth and power |
Agricultural economics |
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Growing food, permanently attaching people to the same location |
Agriculture |
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Based on the use of machines to produce a variety of products (military hardware, consumer goods, new machines to produce more new products) |
Industrial economy • Took hold in England and spread throughout Europe in to North America and 18th too early 19th centuries |
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When fewer people are employed in manufacturing and more are employed in information, knowledge, and service activities (U.S, many European countries, others) |
Postindustrial economy |
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An intellectual movement stating that the science, technology, and rational thinking that characterize industrial and postindustrial societies are harmful to society in various ways |
Postmodernism |
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An economy where most of the productive capacity is privately owned |
Capitalist economy |
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Productive capacity, include manufacturing plants, distribution centers, land, Raw materials, and money that can be converted into such things |
Capital |
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In our exchanges with others, human beings naturally seek to get the greatest return on their investments |
Pursuit of profit |
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Law of supply and demand |
• natural balance is reached between production and consumption at appropriate price • if demand is too high, prices will increase until demand drops • if prices are too high, competitor will step in and provide same item at lower prices |
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Principle that people should be able to compete freely, without government intervention, in capitalist marketplace |
Laissez-faire |
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Control of a market by a single business firm (illegal in the United States) |
Monopoly |
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Economic system in which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned |
Socialism |
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Who believed that once there was enough production for everyone we would advanced to socialism? |
Karl Marx |
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Some means of production are privately owned and some are publicly owned |
Mixed economy • railroads, airlines and utilities are nearly always publicly owned |
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An economy in which the number of producers of any given product is small |
Concentrated economy |
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Control of virtually all of the market is controlled by just a few Products |
Oligopoly |
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Control of all or nearly all of a product market by just one producer |
Monopoly |
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Occurs when the same individual serves on the board of directors of more than one corporation |
Interlocking directorate |
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Consequences of concentration |
• if there is no competition, the market cannot reward the most efficient producer • concentration can be a source of great power |
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Keeping out New competitors by temporarily cutting prices |
Predatory price cutting |
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A giant business that is headquartered in one country but operates in many |
Multinational corporation‘s |
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Production, competition, and economic exchange increasingly occur on a worldwide scale |
Globalization |
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Consequences of globalization for the United States |
1: loss of economic dominance 2: US jobs have been exported to other countries 3: US companies are partly responsible for disposing of hazardous waste in developing world |
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Legitimate power attached to a position |
Authority |
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Based on long standing, institutional, and largely unquestioned practices |
Traditional authority King, queen or pope |
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Attached to position, but typically limited to specific assigned task |
Legal rational authority President or prime minister |
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Attached to the person; people are inspired to follow |
Charismatic authority |
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Refers to specialized knowledge that others value |
Expertise |
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Academic degrees, professional memberships, scientific publications |
Credentials |
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The wealthy Cannot monopolize power because power is divided among many competing groups |
Pluralist model |
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Not strong enough to get their way on everything, but they can block political actions that would seriously threaten their interests |
Veto groups |
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Holds that real political power is held by a small group made up almost entirely of those who own corporate wealth |
Power elite model |
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Legislation passed in 1996 which majorly reformed welfare |
Welfare reform |
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Groups of people who come together to support particular issues or interest |
Special interest groups |
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Go to the capital to attempt to influence legislation |
Lobbyists |
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Creations of lobbyists to raise money for their causes; they typically funnel money to political candidates that support their position |
Political action committees |
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Holds that as Third World countries modernize and industrialize, uneven development will gradually decrease |
Modernization theory |
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An approach contending that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain |
Dependency theory |
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View of global economic system as one divided between certain industrialized nations that control wealth and developing countries that are controlled and exploited |
World systems analysis |
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Social group of people related by ancestry, marriage or other committed sexual relationships or adoption who lived together, form an economic unit and rear their children if they have any |
Family |
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More than two generations who generally live together, contribute to household economic well-being, and share housekeeping and child rearing responsibilities |
Extended family Single parents and aging parents are more likely to live with extended family |
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2 or fewer generations who live together, usually a husband, wife, and dependent children |
Nuclear |
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Growth of nuclear families in United States |
• extended families were more common before spread of industrialization • more helping hands became more mouth to feed • nuclear families are less dependent on extended family because they can get services from other institutions if necessarily |
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Family you were born into; can include mother, father, siblings, stepfamily |
Family of orientation |
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Spouses and children (nearly 90% marry at some point) |
Family of procreation |
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Marriage of one husband to one wife |
Monogamy |
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More than one spouse, but only one at a time |
Serial monogamy |
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Having more than one spouse at a time |
Polygamy |
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Males having more than one wife |
Polygyny |
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Women having more than one husband |
Polyandry |
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Marriage between people from different groups (racial, religious, ethnic) |
Exogamy |
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Pattern followed when marriage partners are required or expected to be from the same groups |
Endogamy |
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The idea of “like marrying like” |
Homogamy |
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Physical and emotional attraction, as well as idealization (seeing the other person in an entirely positive light) |
Romantic love |
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A marriage where the man dominates in decision making |
Patriarchy |
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Marriage where the woman has the power and right of decision-making |
Matriarchy |
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Functions a family |
• Economic (provides resources) • status transferral • protective function • recreational activities together • socialization, affection and emotional support |
