Sociology Chap. 1&2

Front 1

Sociology

Back 1

the scientific study of social behavior and human groups

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Scoiological imagination

Back 2

awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society. Past & Present

Front 3

Science

Back 3

body of knowledge obatined by methosed basted on systematic observation

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natural science

Back 4

the study of physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change

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social science

Back 5

thdy of various aspects of human society

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theory

Back 6

set of statments that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior. Explanatory and predictive power.

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Verstehen

Back 7

Greek for "understanding" or "insight"

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ideal type

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a construct, made-up model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated

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Charles Horton Cooley

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sociology profeesor at U of Michigan. Face-to-face groups (gangs, families) shape ideals, beliefs, values and social nature

Front 10

Jane Addams

Back 10

American Coiological Society. Feminist

Front 11

Robert Merton

Back 11

"innovators" people who accept the goal of pursuing material wealth but use illegal means to do so.

Front 12

Pierre Bourdieu

Back 12

French sociologist. "capital" accumulation of knowledge, prestige, culture and formal schooling.

Front 13

Functionalist Perspective

Back 13

Society = Living organism

Front 14

Dysfunctions

Back 14

element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its stability

Front 15

Manifest functions

Back 15

institutions are open, stated, conscious functions

Front 16

Latent Functions

Back 16

unconscious or unintended functions that may reflece hidden puposes of an institution

Front 17

Conflict Perspective

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suume that social behavior is the best understood in terms of conflice or tension between competing groups

Front 18

Marxist View

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Conflict between social classes

Front 19

W.E.B. Du Bois

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research in racism. Helped found NAACP

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Feminist Perspective

Back 20

inequity based on gender

Front 21

Robert Merton

Back 21

"innovators" people who accept the goal of pursuing material wealth but use illegal means to do so.

Front 22

Pierre Bourdieu

Back 22

French sociologist. "capital" accumulation of knowledge, prestige, culture and formal schooling.

Front 23

Functionalist Perspective

Back 23

Society = Living organism

Front 24

Dysfunctions

Back 24

element or process of a society that may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its stability

Front 25

Manifest functions

Back 25

institutions are open, stated, conscious functions

Front 26

Latent Functions

Back 26

unconscious or unintended functions that may reflece hidden puposes of an institution

Front 27

Conflict Perspective

Back 27

suume that social behavior is the best understood in terms of conflice or tension between competing groups

Front 28

Marxist View

Back 28

Conflict between social classes

Front 29

W.E.B. Du Bois

Back 29

research in racism. Helped found NAACP

Front 30

Feminist Perspective

Back 30

inequity based on gender

Front 31

nonverbal communication

Back 31

gestures, facial expressions, and postures

Front 32

operational definition

Back 32

explantion of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept

Front 33

casual logic

Back 33

relationshop betweena condition or variable and a particular consequence with one event leading to the other

Front 34

correlation

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change in one variable consides witha change in the other

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validity

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degree to whicha measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study

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reliability

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extend to which a measure produces consisten results.

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Quantitative research

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scientists collect and report data primarily in numerical form

Front 38

Qualitative research

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relies on what scientists see in field and naturalistic settings. Small groups.

Front 39

Ethnography

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study of an entire social setting through extended, systematic obsercation.

Front 40

Hawthorne effect

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unintended influence of observers or experiments on subjects of reserch who deviate from the typical behavior because they realize that they are under observation

Front 41

Secondary analysis

Back 41

variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected information

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Content Analysis

Back 42

systematic coding and objective recording of dada, guided by raionale

Front 43

Applied Sociology

Back 43

use of discipline of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical aplications for human behavior and organzations

Front 44

Clinical Sociology

Back 44

dedicated to altering social relationshiops or restructing social insitutions

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Basic/Pure sociology

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seeks more profound knowledge of fundamental aspects of social phenomena

Front 46

Culture

Back 46

learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior

Front 47

Society

Back 47

live in the same territory, relitively independent of people outside it, and participate in a comon culture. Largerst form of human group.

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Culture industry

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standardizes the goods and services of demanded by consumers.

Front 49

Cultural Universals

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adaptaions to meet essential human needs--food, shelter and clothing

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Innovation

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process of introducing a new idea or obnject to a culture

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Discovery

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making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality

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Invention

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existing cultural items are combined intoa form that did not exist before

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Globalization

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world-wode integration of government polocies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets throught trade and exchange of ideas

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Diffusion

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Process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or socirty to society

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McDonaldization

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describe preocess throught which the proinciple of the fast-food restarurant ave come to doinate certain secores of society.

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Mores

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norms deems highly necessary to the welfare of a society, ofthen becuas the embody the most cherished principles of a people. (murder, treason)

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Folkways

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norms governing everday behavior (walking up a down escaltor)

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Sanctions

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penalties and rewards for conductconcerning a social norm

Front 59

Values

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good, desirable, and proper, bad, undesirable, and imporper. Influence behavior and serve as criteria for evaluationg actions of others

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Culture war

Back 60

polarization of society over controversialelemts of culture

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Dominant Ideology

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set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, exonomic, and political interest

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Argot

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specialized language that distinguished it from the wider society

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Ehtnocentrism

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tendency to auume that one's culture in better thn the other

Front 64

Cultural relativism

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evaluation of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture

Front 65

Sociobiolgy

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systematic study of the biological bases of human social behavior

Front 66

Looking-glass self

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self is the product of the social interactions with other people

Front 67

Role taking

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process of mentally assuming the perspective of anothe in other to respond fromt hat imagined viewpoint