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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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deviance |
the violation of norms (or rules or expectations) |
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crime |
violation of rules that have been written into law |
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stigma |
"blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity |
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social order |
a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives |
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social control |
a group's formal and informal means of enforcing norms |
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negative sanctions |
expressions of disapproval for deviance |
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positive sanctions |
rewards for conforming to norms |
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genetic predispositions |
inborn tendencies (for example, a tendency to commit deviant acts) |
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street crime |
crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary |
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personality disorders |
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms |
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differential association |
Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant |
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control theory |
the idea that two control systems--inner controls and outer controls--work against our tendencies to deviate. |
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labeling theory |
the view that labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity |
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techniques of neutralization |
ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms |
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cultural goals |
the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve |
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institutionalized means |
approved ways of reaching cultural goals |
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strain theory |
Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal, but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal |
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illegitimate opportunity structure |
opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life |
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white-collar crime |
Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes commited by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations |
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corporate crime |
crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation |
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criminal justice system |
the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime |
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recidivism rate |
percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested. |
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capital punishment |
death penalty |
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police discretion |
the practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter |
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medicalization of deviance |
to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians |
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medicalization |
the transformation of a human condition into a matter to be treated by physicians |
