Sociology Ch. 3

Front 1

the interdependence of the global and the local, resulting in standardized values producing unique outcomes in different geographic areas and cultural settings

Back 1

glocalization

Front 2

the imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations, and organizations and their desire to impose themselves on various societies and cultures

Back 2

grobalization

Front 3

people who live in a specific geographic territory, interact with one another, and share many elements of a common culture

Back 3

society

Front 4

a process in which socities grow more complex in terms of technology, social structure, and cultural knowledge over time

Back 4

sociocultural evolution

Front 5

types of societies:

Back 5

-a hunting gathering society
-a pastoral society
-a horticultural society
-an agrarian society
-an industrial society
-a postindustrial society

Front 6

a society in which people make their living by hunting, collecting wild foods, and fishing with simple technologies

Back 6

hunting-gathering society

Front 7

a society that depends on domestic animals for its livelihood

Back 7

pastoral society

Front 8

a society in which hand tools are used to grow domesticated crops

Back 8

horticultural society

Front 9

a society that depends on crops raised with plows, draft animals, and intensive agricultural methods

Back 9

agrarian society

Front 10

a society that relies on machines and advanced technology to produce and distribute food, information, goods, and services

Back 10

industrial society

Front 11

a society in which service industries and the manufacture of information and knowledge dominate the economy

Back 11

postindustrial society

Front 12

the learned set of beliefs, values, norms, and material goods shared by group members

Back 12

culture

Front 13

artifacts, art, architecture, and other tangible goods that people create and assign meanings

Back 13

material culture

Front 14

mental blueprints that serve as guidelines for group behaviors

Back 14

nonmaterial culture

Front 15

anything to which group members assign meanings

Back 15

symbol

Front 16

a complex system of symbols with conventional meanings that people use for communication

Back 16

language

Front 17

assertions about the nature of reality

Back 17

beliefs

Front 18

shared ideas about what is socially desirable

Back 18

values

Front 19

U.S. core values:

Back 19

-individualism and freedom
-equality
-achievement
-efficiency and practicality
-progress and technology
-material comfort and consumerism
-work and leisure

Front 20

americans value their independence and the ability to make personal choices that are free of social constraints

Back 20

individualism and freedom

Front 21

people whould be able to compete openly and have a fair chance to achieve society's rewards

Back 21

equality

Front 22

most people desire to get ahead and to better the circumstances of their birth. this requires that each person compete with others for society's limited prizes.

Back 22

achievement

Front 23

people value a simple and direct approach to life and what are understood as commonsense, down to earth, approaches to problem solving

Back 23

efficiency and practicality

Front 24

americans value what is new and progressive and place a high value on technology as a solution to the problems of modern life

Back 24

progress and technology

Front 25

success and personal worth are measured in large part by the equality and quantity of material possessions

Back 25

material comfort and consumerism

Front 26

americans value hard work and labor and laud the efforts of those who put in long hours to accomplish goals and make something of themselves, but also value leisure and periods of free time

Back 26

work and leisure

Front 27

expectations and rules for proper conduct that guide behavior of group members

Back 27

norms

Front 28

informal rules and expectations that guide peoples' everyday behavior

Back 28

folkways

Front 29

salient norms that people consider essential to the proper working of society

Back 29

mores

Front 30

formal rules enacted and enforced by the power of the state, which apply to members of society

Back 30

laws

Front 31

prohibitions against behaviors that most members of a group consider to be so repugnant they are unthinkable

Back 31

taboos

Front 32

penalties or rewards society uses to encourage conformity and punish deviance

Back 32

sanctions

Front 33

feelings of confusion and disorientation that occur when a person encounters a very different culture

Back 33

culture shock

Front 34

the tendency to evaluate the customs of other groups according to one's own cultural standards

Back 34

ethnocentrism

Front 35

a perspective that asks that we evaluate other cultures according to their standards, not ours

Back 35

cultural relativism

Front 36

roper 2000 poll-top ten values for americans

Back 36

1. honesty
2. protecting the family/freedom
3. health and fitness
4. friendship
5. justice
6. stable peer relationships
7. knowledge
8. enjoying life
9. self esteem
10. learning

Front 37

roper 2000 poll-top ten values globally

Back 37

1. protecting the family
2. health and fitness
3. honesty
4. self esteem
5. justice
6. friendship
7. freedom
8. knowledge
9. self reliance
10. wisdom

Front 38

groups that share many elements of mainstream culture but maintain their own distinctive customs, values, norms, and lifestyles

Back 38

subcultures

Front 39

groups that reject the conventional wisdom and standards of behavior of the majority and provide alternatives to mainstream culture

Back 39

countercultures

Front 40

a movement that encourages respect and appreciation for cultural differences

Back 40

multiculturalism

Front 41

the belief that european cultures have contributed the most to human knowledge and are superior to all others

Back 41

eurocentrism

Front 42

the perspective that emphasizes the preeminence of african and african american culture in human development

Back 42

afrocentism

Front 43

what people should do, according to group norms and values

Back 43

ideal culture

Front 44

what people do in everyday social interaction

Back 44

real culture

Front 45

inconsistencies in a cultural system, especially in the relationship between technology and nonmaterial culture

Back 45

cultural lag

Front 46

an approach that examines the relationship between a culture and its total environment

Back 46

cultural ecological approach

Front 47

the domination of cultural industries by elite groups

Back 47

cultural hegemony

Front 48

science is the cornerstone of the new order, because:

Back 48

it produces both the technology and the technical skills necessary for the efficient functioning of postindustrial societies.

Front 49

the educational institution is important because:

Back 49

ideas become obsolete and new forms of knowledge must be learned

Front 50

the _____ is the central institution affecting all other institutions on earth.

Back 50

media

Front 51

changes brought about by multiculturalism:

Back 51

-developed the ability to adapt to different cultural contexts
-global languages in schools
-literature of most ethnic groups in schools
-raised awareness of gender, sexual orientation, disalilty, and other cultural differences
-ethnic revival

Front 52

associated with prosperous high tech societies that have a high degree of security; emphasize the quality of life and greater openness to change and diversity.

Back 52

postmodern values

Front 53

ogburn and cultural lag

Back 53

-found that material culture tends to change more rapidly than nonmaterial culture
-can cause cultural strains and contraindications, resulting in cultural lag