Sociology Ch 11

Front 1

race

Back 1

a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important; SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED

Hint 1

variety due to migration

Front 2

race is social construction bc

Back 2

we decide if physical traits matter; vary from society to society

Hint 2

us see 3 categories= white black and asian

Front 3

racial types

Back 3

caucasoid, negroid, and mongoloid

Hint 3

more variation WITHIN than btwn; no pure ppl; make hierarchy

Front 4

caucasoid

Back 4

ppl with relatively light skin and fine hair

Front 5

negroid

Back 5

ppl with darker skin and coarse hair

Front 6

mongoloid

Back 6

ppl with yellow or brown skin and distinctive folds on the eyelids

Front 7

ethnicity

Back 7

shared cultural heritage; SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED

Hint 7

only important bc society says so

Front 8

ethnic category

Back 8

ppl with common ancestry, language, and religion that gives distinctive social identity

Front 9

race vs ethnicity

Back 9

race constructed from BIOLOGICAL traits
ethnicity constructed from CULTURAL traits

Hint 9

ppl play up or down ethnicity depend on if want to stand out

Front 10

minority

Back 10

any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural differences that a society sets apart and subordinates

Front 11

2 characteristics of minorities

Back 11

1. distinctive identity- based on physical or cultural traits
2. subordination

Front 12

minority success doesn't...

Back 12

let escape minority standing

Front 13

prejudice

Back 13

rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people

Hint 13

+ or -
all ppl in category described same with little to no evidence

Front 14

stereotype

Back 14

simplified description applied to every person in some category

Hint 14

prejudice take form of stereotype

Front 15

social distance

Back 15

how closely ppl are willing to interact with members of some category

Front 16

social distance scale

Back 16

greater socail distance, less accepted

Front 17

3 patterns of social distance today

Back 17

1. trend toward greater social acceptance
2. people see less difference btwn various minorities
3. terrorist attacks of 9/11 may have reduced social acceptance of Arabs and Muslims

Front 18

racism

Back 18

belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another

Hint 18

widespread thru history of world and US, but decreasing

Front 19

scapegoat theory

Back 19

prejudice springs from frustration among people who are disadvantaged themselves

Hint 19

doesnt improve situation but help express anger and give comfort

Front 20

scapegoat

Back 20

person or category of people (typically with little pwr) whom other ppl unfairly blame for their own troubles

Hint 20

"safe targets" with little pwr

Front 21

authoritarian personalities

Back 21

ppl who rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as cear-cut matyers of right and wrong

Hint 21

ppl with little edu and raised by cold and demanding parents; see society as naturally competitive and have strong prejudices

Front 22

ppl with tolerance to one minority...

Back 22

likely to accept all (and vice versa)

Front 23

culture theory

Back 23

some prejudice found everywhere bc part of culture

Hint 23

everyone has some prejudice against others

Front 24

conflict theory

Back 24

prejudice is a tool that pwrful ppl use to oppress others

Front 25

race consciousness

Back 25

identity politics; minorities claim victims entitled to special treatment based on race

Hint 25

backlash from white who dont believe in special treatment on basis of race

Front 26

discrimination

Back 26

unequal treatment of various categories of people

Hint 26

+ or -

Front 27

prejudice vs discrimination

Back 27

prejudice refers to ATTITUDES
discrimination matter of ACTION

Front 28

institutional prejudice and discrimination

Back 28

bias built into the operation of society's institutions (schools hospitals law work banks)

Hint 28

slow to recognize bc involves public officials and long-established traditions
end segregation in schools

Front 29

prejudice and discrimination

Back 29

reinforce each other and create a vicious cycle

Front 30

pluralism

Back 30

a state on which ppl of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

Front 31

US not truly pluralistic bc

Back 31

1. few want to live exclusively with ppl exactly like themselves/ share heritage
2. tolerance for social diversity only goes so far (ex want English official language)
3. ppl of various colors and cultures dont have equal social standing

Front 32

US not really a melting pot bc

Back 32

dont create one, new culture
rather minorities adopt dominant culture

Front 33

assimilation

Back 33

process by which minorities adopt patterns of dominant culture

Hint 33

involve change in ethnicity not rave

Front 34

miscegenation

Back 34

biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories

Front 35

segregation

Back 35

the physical and social separation of categories of people

Hint 35

not legal but continues

Front 36

hypersegregation

Back 36

having little contact of any kind with people beyond the local community

Hint 36

20% of poor blacks

Front 37

genocide

Back 37

systematic killing of one category of people by another; violates every recognized moral std but occurs anyway

Front 38

native americans

Back 38

forcednto assimilate and relocated to reservations; low social standing bc not competitive and dont pursue a higher edu and have prejudice bc of darker skin

Front 39

white Anglo-Saxon protestants

Back 39

dominate; highly skilled and motivated to achieve; bc numerous and pwrful not subject of prejudice and discrimination

Front 40

african americans

Back 40

1st came as slaves; 13th amendment outlaw slavery; 15th amendment gave all men right to vote; jim crow laws; civil rights movement; black power movement; blacks still have low social standing

Front 41

" American dilemma"

Back 41

Democratic society's denial of basic rights and freedoms to one category of people

Front 42

jim crow laws

Back 42

institutional discrimination thay segregated US into 2 racial castes

Front 43

civil rights movement

Back 43

outlaw segregated schools, outlaw discrimination in employment and public restrooms, sinks, fountains

Front 44

black power movement

Back 44

renewed sense of pride and purpose

Front 45

Asian American

Back 45

high academic achievers and risen to middle-class

Front 46

Chinese American

Back 46

come during gold rush and dud jobs no one want; econ go down competition for any jobs so hate new comers; create Chimatowns

Front 47

Japanese American

Back 47

forced into internment camps in WWII but dramatic recovery; now highest income rate and lowest poverty rate

Hint 47

closest to gain social acceptance but still prejudice

Front 48

Japanese vs Chinese

Back 48

1. fewer Japanese immigrants (escape hostility directed at Chinese)
2. Japanese knew more about US (help assimilate)
3. Japanese prefer rural farming over cities (make less visible)

Front 49

internment if Japanese wrong bc

Back 49

1. targeted entire category of people
2. 2/3 were Nisei (US born citizens)
3. US alao at war with Germany and Italy but no action againat those descendants

Front 50

Hispanic americans/ latinos

Back 50

largest racial minority. . many in California

Front 51

Mexican American

Back 51

most immigrants; take low wage jobs ; 25% poor; high dropout rate and less schooling

Front 52

Puerto Ricans

Back 52

most in New York; darker skin so more prejudice so return to puerto rico; limit assimilation bc speak spanish in homes and women head families so poor; MOST socially disadvantaged hispanic minority

Front 53

Cuban American

Back 53

most in Miami; high edu business ppl and professionals who successful; highest income of hispanic groups; live in highly visible communities

Front 54

Arab Americans

Back 54

very diverae culture but most use Arab alphabet and Islam dominant religion; in all social classes; income just above national avg; some down play ethnicity bc of terrorist attacks; target of hate crimes and ethnic profiling

Front 55

white ethnic americans

Back 55

non WASPs; recognize ethnic hertiage and social disadv of many whites; Irish Polish German Italian; prejudice and discrimination when first arrive

Front 56

race

Back 56

no biological validity to race
socially constructed

Front 57

privilege

Back 57

exists when one group has something of value that is denied to others simpky bv of the groups they belomg to rather than bc of anything they have done or failed to do

Front 58

2 types of privilege

Back 58

1. unearned entitlements/advantages
2. conferred dominance

Front 59

conferred dominance

Back 59

give pwr to one group over another

Front 60

unearned entitlements / advantages

Back 60

restricts access to valued things on basis of group rather than merit

Front 61

racism

Back 61

form of social inequality

Front 62

symbolic racism

Back 62

denial of the existence of ravial inequality in society; opposes any social policy that allows opressed groups to escape their positions

Front 63

aversive racism

Back 63

subtle, covert form of racism; usually unnoticed; practiced by whote ppl who believe in equality

Front 64

color - blind racism

Back 64

lack of discussing race creates more of an issue

Front 65

discrimination

Back 65

behaviors; deny a group access to valued resources; institutional and individual