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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Indian society rural but urbanisation growing |
Living from agriculture related occupation, land means of production form of property and also way of life Pongal TN, Bihu Assam, Baisakhi the Punjab Nature and practice of agriculture vary greatly across the different regions of the country Agriculture single most important source of livelihood for majority, also exist artisans such as carpenters, part and parcel of the village economy, rural life also support specialist in craft person, diversity of occupation reflected in the caste system Increasing interconnection of the rural and urban economics have led to many diverse occupations, rural non farm activities such as government services, factory workers |
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class in agrarian structure of rural India |
Land most important resource , form of property, are not equally distributed not equal access, very small plots usually, majority live just above or below the poverty line Women usually excluded from ownership of land because of patrilineal kinship system , agrarian structure of an used to refer to the structure of distribution of land holding , access to land shapes the rural class structure, medium and large land owners usually able to gain sufficient profit, agricultural labourers, more often than not get less than the statutory minimum wage, insecure employment , tenants have lower income than cultivator , but have to pay a substantial rent |
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Caste and agrarian structure in rural India |
Complex relationship between caste and class, higher cast have more land and higher income , there are exceptions such as brahmins were not major land owners Each region usually just one or two major land owning caste search groups are dominant caste. Dominant land owning groups middle and high cast marginal farmers and landless belong to lower caste such as scheduled caste or tribe, create a labour force allowed landowners to cultivate intensively and get higher Returns Proprietor caste own most of the resources and command labour Begat or free labour-service to zamindars for fixed no. Of days Hereditary relationships-bonded labour. Halpati, jeeta |
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Land reforms in pre colonial period |
Same dominant castes probably cultivating castes in the pre colonial period but they were not direct owner of the land, ruling group such as local king control the land , they were political a powerful Karma parents so work handed over a substantial portion of the produce |
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Land Reforms and colonial period |
British granted property rights to Zamindar given more control over the land then before, some extracted as much producer money as they could from the cultivator, agricultural production stagnated declined,peasants fled from oppressive landlords, frequent famines and wars decimated the population. Raiyatwari system less exploitation more productive. |
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Land reforms in independent India |
Low productivity, dependence on imported food grains, intense poverty of a large section of the rural population. Abolition of zamindari system removed layer of intermediaries, most effective, but only top layer Tenancy abolition and regulation outlaw tenancy or give security to tenants Land ceiling act productive land low ceiling and unproductive land and highest ceiling land distributed to landless families from SC or St Benami transfers divorces servants relative |
