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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociological Imagination |
Viewing our actions in the larger social and historical contexts that shape what we think we do. Particular behaviors are connected to many other social factors, like alcohol & coffee consumption |
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Functionalism |
How things control social stability. Social institutions help society. Most social facts serve some sort of positive function/purpose for greater good of society |
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Conflict Theory |
Social order is maintained not by shared norms/values, but by power of dominant groups & classes to ensure their interests & values prevail. Seek to explain how conflicting interests & values of groups give rise to social conflict |
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Symbolic Interactionism |
Viewed society as composed of the social interactions of individuals. Involve exchange of info via symbols |
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Feminist Theory |
View society as organized around gender relations and gender inequality |
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Rational Choice Theory |
Human behavior is motivated by self interest of individuals |
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Research Methods |
Define problem Review evidence Hypothesis Design research Carry out research Analyze Publish findings |
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Ethnography |
Uses participant observation and in-depth interviews to study groups, organizations, or communities in their own settings |
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Survey |
Questionnaires to ask carefully constructed questions about some topic to carefully selected individuals |
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Experiments |
Manipulation & control are 2 ideal characteristics that make this ideal for testing hypotheses. Experimenter manipulates independent variable & observes how this affects dependent variable under controlled conditions |
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Culture |
Refers to all of shared learning, and all material artifacts produced through that learning within a given society. |
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Values |
Ideals that a society holds above all others |
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Norms |
Expectations of our behavior |
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Material Goods |
Physical objects humans create |
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Language |
Basis of culture b/c without it learning cannot be easily created or shared. |
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Nature |
What makes us human is biology: Structure, genes, hormones Our genetic make-up is reflected in behavioral as well as physical traits & nature selects for traits that increase our chances of reproducing We are hardwired to behave in certain ways & not others |
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Nurture |
Behavior shaped by learning At birth, we have no culture, only biological features & predispositions We spend a lifetime learning language & culture through social interaction |
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Socialization |
Lifelong process of social interaction through which people 1) learn culture and 2) develop a personality & identity1 |
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Play |
Explores adult world imitating others, then by role taking, seeing the world through other’s eyes |
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Organized Games |
Takes on multiple roles & tasks, others expectations, learns rules & organization of activity. Ex: Sports |
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Generalized Other |
Acting in accord with social/moral codes, expectations. Dealing with situations involving multiple statuses & roles. |
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Social Status |
Social position in society |
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Social Role |
Socially defined expectations of behavior in those positions |
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Primary Group |
Small, relatively permanent groups that have intrinsic value. Relationships have emotional depth |
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Secondary Group |
Large & impersonal associations that have instrumental value, like a classroom. |
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Reference Group |
Provides standard for judging one’s own attitudes |
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Social Networks |
Comprised of direct & indirect associations that link ppl together |
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Organizations |
Group with an identifiable membership of people that acts collectively to achieve specific goals |
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Bureaucracies |
Rule of officials. Work as machines to solve the problem of size in modern society. Hierarchy of authority Written rules Salaried & trained officials Office distinct from the person |
