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41 Cards in this Set
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the scientific study of social behavior and human groups |
Sociology
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Sociology focuses on: |
Social relationships How those relationships influence human behavior How societies develop and change |
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This man coined the term “sociological imagination”
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C. Wright Mills |
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C. Wright Mills coined the term “sociological imagination” Defined as: |
C. Wright Mills coined the term “sociological imagination” Defined as an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past A key element is viewing society from an outsider’s perspective. We go beyond personal experiences to understand broader public issues. |
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the body of knowledge obtained by methods of systematic observation |
Science |
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The study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change
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Natural science |
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the study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change |
Social science |
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Social sciences include:
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Sociology Anthropology Economics History Psychology Political science *Common focus is on the social behavior of people
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Sociologists study: ______________________________
Examples include:
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The influence that society has on people’s attitudes and behavior The ways people interact and shape society _____________________________________________________________________________
The 2008 recession’s impact on both marital patterns and education The role of social media for extremist thought The social effects of Hurricanes Harvey and Irma in 2017
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Sociologists believe information must be: |
Tested, recorded, and analyzed. |
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a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behaviors |
Theory |
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Effective theories can be ______ and ______ in nature.
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explanatory and predictive |
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developed a theory to explain how individual behavior, suicide, can be understood within a social context. |
É mile Durkheim |
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*Believed in the need for a theoretical science of society and a systematic investigation of behavior *Coined the term sociology
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Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857) |
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*Wrote the first book on sociological methods *Work emphasized the impact that economy, law, trade, health, and population could have on social problems |
Harriet Martineau (1802 – 1876) |
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*Hoped to understand society better, not improve it *Applied Darwin’s work on evolution of species to societies to explain how they change over time *Adapted the “survival of the fittest” argument, saying it is natural that some people are rich and others are poor |
Herbert Spencer (1820 – 1903) |
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*Appointed as one of the first sociology professors in France *Behavior must be understood within a larger social context *Key interest focused on the consequences of work in modern societies
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Émile Durkheim (1858 – 1917) |
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the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective (Durkheim) *Occurs during time of profound social change *People lose sense of purpose and direction
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Anomie
_________________________________ ☆Durkheim also concerned about alienation, loneliness, and isolation in modern industrial societies☆
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This person's Key Works: The Division of Labor in Society (1893) Suicide:A Study in Sociology (1897) Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912)
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É mile Durkheim
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To comprehend behavior, we must learn the subjective meanings people attach to their actions. *Verstehen : German word for understanding or insight *Ideal type: model, or construct, for evaluating specific cases *Weber’s work was a response to the work of Karl Marx.
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Max Weber (1864 – 1920) |
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German word for understanding or insight |
Verstehen |
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means to model, or construct, for evaluating specific cases
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Ideal type
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This person's Key Works: *The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism (1904-1905) *Economy and Society (1921)
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Max Weber |
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This person's view: Society divided between two classes that clashed in pursuit of their own interests *Owners versus the workers *Economic, social, and political relationships allowed owners to maintain power and dominance over workers. ☆The Communist Manifesto Masses of the people, “the proletariat,” should overthrow capitalist societies.☆
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Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) |
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This person's writings inspired others who would later lead communist revolutions in Russia, China, Cuba, and other countries *Emphasized how group identifications can influence an individual’s place in society
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Karl Marx
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This person's Key Works: *The Communist Manifesto (1848) *Das Kapital (1867)
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Karl Marx
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Was an early Black sociologist in the United States *Knowledge essential to combat prejudice and achieve tolerance *Advocated research on the lives of Blacks in the U.S. *Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) *Double consciousness: division of an individual’s identity into two or more social realities
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W.E.B. DuBois (1868 – 1963) |
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This person's key Works: *The Philadelphia Negro (1899) *The Negro Church (1903) *Souls of Black Folk (1903)
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W.E.B. DuBois |
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This person Used the sociological perspective to study face-to-face groups, such as families, gangs and friendship networks |
Charles Horton Cooley (1864 – 1929) |
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▪Co-founded the Hull House ▪Worked to establish a juvenile court system and a women’s trade union
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Jane Addams (1860 – 1935)
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▪Developed a key theory to explain deviant behavior ▪Emphasized the need to bring together macro-level and micro-level sociological approaches |
Robert Merton (1910 – 2003) |
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This focuses on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations. ___________________________________________________ This focuses on small groups
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Macrosociology _________________ Microsociology ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ☆Robert Merton☆ |
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focuses on formal organizations and social movements ___________________________________________________________
makes comparisons among nations, typically studying entire societies
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Mesosociology ________________
Global sociology ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ☆Robert Merton☆
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•this person wrote about the different forms of capital •Capital sustains individuals and families from one generation to the next. |
Pierre Bourdieu (1930 – 2002)
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noneconomic goods that are reflected in knowledge of language and the arts ____________________________________________ the collective benefit of social networks, which are built on reciprocal trust
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Cultural Capital _________________ Social Capital ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ☆Pierre Bourdieu (1930 – 2002) ☆ |
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The three most widely used perspectives in sociology
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*Functionalist *Conflict *Interactionist
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Emphasizes how the parts of society are structured to maintain social stability |
Functionalist Perspective |
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*Key sociologist in the functionalist perspective *Viewed society as a network of connected parts *Each part helps maintain the social system |
Talcott Parsons (1902 – 1979) |
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The open, stated, and conscious functions of institutions __________________________________
*The unintended consequences of an institution *May reflect hidden purposes ___________________________________ Elements or processes of society that can disrupt the social system or reduce stability
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Manifest funtions ____________________
Latent functions ____________________
Dysfunctions ☆☆Functionalist Perspective☆☆ |
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Social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources resources |
Conflict perspective |
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Forms of tension on this ☆perspective☆ can include: *Labor negotiations *Party politics *Competition for religious group membership *Budget disputes |
Conflict perspective |
