Sociology

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intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.

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Xenophobia

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___________________ is a pattern of social institutions — such as governmental organizations, schools, banks, and courts of law — giving negative treatment to a group of people based on their race.

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Institutional racism

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a community or population made up of people who share a common cultural background or descent

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Ethnic group

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the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically.

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Colonialism

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the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart.

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Segregation

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Three preferred tools to measure poverty : • Low-income cut-offs (LICOs) • Low-income measures • Market Basket Measure

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Poverty

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__________ is the oldest tool that Canada has been using to measure poverty within its borders, which allows for better comparisons over time.

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LICOS

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“ism” : sexism, racism, colonialism

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Causes of poverty

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• 2 main explanations•

1) Individual failure• 2) Structural failure (policies and economy)• “ism” : sexism, racism, colonialism

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Causes of poverty

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Minimal group paradigm: us and them

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Third cause of poverty

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PPC – On the streets

PPC – Within Shelters

Door-to-door surveys (D2D)

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

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Ways to measure homelessness

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1)Unsheltered (Absolute homeless)2)Emergency sheltered

3)Provisionally accommodated

4)At risk of Homelessness

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Types of homelessness

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At least 200 000 Canadians are homelessduring the course of any given year.

About 30 000 people are on the streets duringany given night.

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The numbers

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Youth• Aboriginals• Women and families

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The most affected

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• There is a negative correlationbetween poverty and • Health,• Productivity,• Academic success;• Financial success.

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Effects of poverty

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A behaviour that transgresses a social norm, whether this norm is formal or not; • This behaviour must also create a negative reaction from others.

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Deviance

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Correspond to all acts of deviance thatinfract law, which is a formal norm

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Crime

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•Harmfulness• Perception• Public support

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• Elements that determine the type of sanctions:

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Setting fires, Break and enter (B&E), robberies and extortion.

Crimes practised by a disproportionate number of people from lower social status.

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Street crimes

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All illegal acts committed by people who are considered « respectable » or occupy a high social stature (Sutherland, 1949). • Embezzlement , fraud, tax evasion, insider trading, copyright laws, collusion, and price fixing.

Crimes practised by a disproportionate number of people from middle to upper class.

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White collar crimes

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• Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

• Self-report and victimization surveys

• Ethnography & Participant Observation

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Measures of crime

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Stronger sanctions and more jail time arenot social deterrents of crime (US andRussia are great examples).

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Crime statistics

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• Strain theory – Robert K. Merton

• Subcultural theory – Albert K. Cohen

• Differential association – Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950)

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Motivational theories

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• Societal Reaction – Aaron Cicourel

• Labelling

• Social control – Travis Hirschi

• Conflict-structural explanations – Steven Spitzer

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Social control theories

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communication addressed to large,anonymous, unknown audiences.

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Mass media

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Plato (427-327 BC)

T. Adorno – Nazism & culture industry

N. Klein – No Logo

P. Bourdieu – Television

Feminism

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Critics of media

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experiencing vicariousviolence is a substitute for expressing it. not easy to test the relationship

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Surrogate theory

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Lazarsfeld – politics

Luhmann – reflection

Maigret – violence

Technology and isolation

Technology and brainwashing

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Counter arguments of mass media critics

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Qualitative methods:

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– Observation– Interview

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Survey – Quantitative

– Telephone

– Mail

– In person

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Survey

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Observation - Qualitative

– Participant

– Non participant

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Observation

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Interview – Qualitative

– Individual

– Focus group

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Interview

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• Male aggressiveness as proof of a biologicaldeterminism?

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• Brain structures • Age • Universal Social Behaviors

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Counter-arguments

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• Plasticity of the mind

• Learning patterns in children

• Statistics : Studying the differences between individuals instead of the difference between groups

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Explaining continued wage disparities

• Sexual Discrimination

• Human Capital Factors

Work-Family Balance

• Job Characteristics

• Habitus (micro-behaviors)

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Wage disparities

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Whattwo criteria allow us to state that a phenomenon is social (extra biological)?Give one example for each criterion.

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Non-geographicallyuniversal Ex:language and religion

Non-historicallyuniversal Ex:Schools and family structure

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Whatis the difference between poverty and inequality? Give two examples thatexplain why solving inequality is difficult.

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Povertyis a line that we compare everyone to, if you are below the poverty line youare considered poor.

Inequalityis comparing everyone to each other. Solvinginequality is difficult because we cannot pay everyone the same for workingdifferent hours and we cannot pay everyone the same if they have highereducation.

Front 38

Presenttwo arguments used by essentialism to explain male aggression. Present acounter-argument for each.

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Males have a well developed amygdala

Counter argument: brain plasticity

Males are more aggressive than females by the age of three

Counter argument: Children learn language by the age of three so they can also learn aggression by the age of three.

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Whatis discrimination? Why can we say that homophobia is a double discrimination?

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Discriminationis more than just an attitude, it is a thought of superiority and inferiorityand it also belittles.

Homophobiais a double discrimination because you judge men who act like women becausethey are not man enough and you judge women who act like men because theyaren’t women enough.

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Associatethe corresponding words: From Plato to the Pope, to Darwin, to Hitler, tosocial race.

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From wars of religion to law of natural selection to race and racism to social race

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Whydoes Julian Pitt-Rivers speak of « social race »?

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He travelled from Northern USA to the southern tip of South America and as he travelled down his skin colour changed.

He went from Negro to Indian to white.

Same in South Africa and Rwanda.

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Presentfour events that help us explain why gay marriage is up for discussion?

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-Thepill

-Thepossibility of divorce

-Mixedfamilies and single parents more common

-Women’sright to vote

Front 43

Explain the difference between deviance and crime. Give an example of a behaviour that is deviant without being a crime, of a behaviour that is a deviant and a crime and of a behaviour that is a crime but not deviant.

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- Devianceis an act that transgresses a social norm.

- Crimeis an act that transgresses a formal norm.

- Double-dipping(deviance but not crime)

- Stealing(deviance and crime)

- Murderin self-defence (crime without deviance)

Front 44

Presentthe two types of sanctions and give two examples of each.

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- Informalsanctions (gossip, eye rolling) - Formalsanctions (fines, community service)

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Applythe Functionalist (Durkheim), Marxist (Marx) and Anthropocentric (Weber) Modelsto religion.

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-Functionalism– Roles and responsibility of religion

-Marxism– Power structure of religion

-Anthropocentricmodel – Link between individual values, individual motivation and religion

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Whywere schools created?

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To create nation building skills

Socialization

To separate those who can from those who can’t

Because parents could no longer teach their kids what they need to know in order to function in society and work

Front 47

. Present two negative elements and two positiveelements of peer groups.

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Negative: conflict with family values and learning new behaviours

Positive: Crystallization of self

you learn what your parents do and say isn’t always right and what your friends do and say isn’t always right

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How does Sigmund Freud contribute to the ideathat society influences our psychological states?

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Sigmund freud presented the ID, the super ego and the ego. ID – impulses Ego – balance between the two, how we present ourselves. Super ego – rules in society Super ego acknowledges the influence society has on the human psyche

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Explaindeterminism as presented by Functionalism and Marxism.

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Functionalism– maintaining harmony through roles and responsibility

Marxism– maintaining order through profit and exploitation

Order – profit forthe rich

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Explain the anthropocentric model using the 5 key words presented in class.

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RationalityConscienceIntentionStrategyMotivation

Front 51

Namethree non-conformist reactions (Merton) and describe one.

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Rebellion

Ritualism

Retreatism– reject the goals and withdraw

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Namethe three conformist reactions presented in class and describe one.

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Submission– when you change your actions but not your attitude

Interiorization

Identification

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Name thetwo types of curriculums we encounter in schools and give two examples foreach.

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Formal– math and science

Informal– competition and equality

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Wediscussed in class how the school system is imperfect. Name the six problemspresented in class and describe one of them.

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Inequalityof gender

Inequalityof ethnicity

Inequalityof social class

Bullying

Out ofline with real life

Lack ofcreativity

Front 55

Present3 critics of media and describe one in one sentence.

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Plato –says that the invention of paper ruined memory

P.Bourdieu – television

T. Adorno – Nazism & culture industry

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Present 3 counter-arguments against the negative elements of media and describe one in one sentence.

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Maigret – violence (Japan has very violent media but Japan's crime rate is much less than that of USA)

Technology and isolation

Technology and brainwashing

Front 57

women and men are both equally aggressive in:

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mundugomar

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women and men are both equally timid

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adipesh

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women are more aggressive and men are more timid

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techambulis

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men who wear make up and wigs still are aggressive

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allain

Front 61

on average women make ___ cents to every mans dollar

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70

Front 62

The nuclear family is not always the safest, it is if everything works right, if abuse or problems happen they become the:

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poorest of families

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The nuclear family is not the traditional family structure. True or false?

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true

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Counter argument: nature vs nature

learned behaviours vs biology (cannot change without surgery or drugs)

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counter argument for "it's in my nature"

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Obesity is not sexist but thinness and eating disorders are, why?

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because mostly women have eating disorders, and men who do cover it up

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When we tell women they can't do something it makes it a lot harder for them to do something. We changed the standard making it easier for women

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We should do the same for boys

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Men aggressive = prison

Women aggressive = therapy

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Men aren't supposed to admit they are fragile, or vulnerable.

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once you define normal you create abnormal and deviance

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the normal and the pathological

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old testament =

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christianity, judduhaism, islam

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Simone de Beauviour said what?

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You are not born a woman, you become one

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Laura Jane Grace said what?

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When you make a behaviour unacceptable, they do it in secret

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xenophobia

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the fear of what is different, fear of the "other"

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race

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started being used when encyclopedias were created

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racism

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discrimination based on colour, culture.

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traditional racism

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explicit, encourage by society often

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modern racism

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hidden racism

ex: trump was hiding racism until his campaign, now it's in America's face (traditional racism)

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institutional racism

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no longer see it but still has impact

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colonialism

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when a settler culture invades an indigenous population, controls and exploits the land and resources

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the Romans do 3 things well:

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build roads to move army, create beauorcracy institutions to manage that land, settle as they travel and builds romes where they go.

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The church included:

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the romans, cathedrals used for punishment, laws, extensions of rome, the church converted people, they became one of them no matter what skin colour.

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science theories

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darwin - survival of the fittest

paul broco - turned racism into science

le bon - influenced hitler

karl pearson - mixing blood weakens a species

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social sciences

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charles wagley - social race

julian pit rivers - travelling and changing skin colour

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thomas moore ad said:

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take the savage out of the indian

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descendents of slaves have a harder time finding work

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racism in canada

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under the poverty line :

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not enough money for food, shelter, clothing

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social inequality

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comparing everyone between themselves, almost impossible to fix

Front 87

individual failure - failure is your own fault is a ______ model

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bottom up

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structural failure - failure is the policies in the governments fault is a _______ model

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top down

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globalization is

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a process of making the world more connected

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east india trading company had a larger proportion of people working for them than the :

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three biggest companies at the end of the 90's

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individualism starts with:

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enlightenment

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information society - technological determinism

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treats human beings like they are puppets under the control of technology

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Plato

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convinced if we use paper we will learn to forget

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surrogate theory

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experiencing violence on tv is a substitute for expressing it

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desensitization

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if you see something on tv you will be less bothered by it

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disinhibition

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if you see it you will be less bothered by it but more likely to act upon it

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active audience theory

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we as clients are also, influencing what is going on (dancing with the stars, american idol) people vote.

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adbusters

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if media controlled us, you would not be able to use it to show flaws in the system, you would be convinced the police are always good

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adam nobody

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beat up by police for no reason