Sociology 101 - Midterm

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ESSAY QUESTION (It's best to brainstorm the answers out loud while studying to help you grasp the idea!)

Know what Sociological Imagination is; be able to explain it and apply it!

How can it give you a more objective look at people's lives? How did they arrive at their station of life?

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WHY? WHAT FOR? Theapplication of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociologicalquestions; the intersection of history and biology.

Pick a person and be able to visualize how and why they got where they did and why they believe what they do, and talk about why it's important to view people like this!

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Define "socialization."

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The social processes through which individuals/children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self (schools, churches, work, etc.)

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Define "multiculturalism" (could be tricky question on exam).

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A condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life.

(ie Muslims living/working in predominately non-Muslim cities)

(If "assimilation" is like a cultural melting pot, "multiculturalism" is like a bowl of salad - individual ingredients existing together)

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Define "Social Imagination." Who coined the term?

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WHY? WHAT FOR? Imaginative thought to answer sociological questions. Seeing the connections. Intersection of History & Biography.

C. Wright Mills

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Thinking about multiple causes for complex problems in society is an example of what?

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Social Imagination

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Define "Social Perspective."Who coined the term?

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Finding the general patterns of behavior in a group of particular people;finding the general in the particular.

Peter Berger

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Define "social structure."

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The patterns in how people behave in their relationships with one another.

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An idea or practice that a group of people agree exists, and is maintained over time by people taking its existence for granted (Boys = Blue, Girls = Pink) is an example of what?

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Social Construction

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The social processes through which individuals/children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self is called what?

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Socialization

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Define "sociobiology."

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An approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles

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Name and define the 3 norms.

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Folkways – less significant social standards
Mores – behaviors that deal with moral standards
Laws – norms established by a political authority and society

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Define "functionalism."

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This perspective focuses on the parts of society and how they work together interdependently to keep society functioning as one unit (like body parts).

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Who invented the word "sociology" and was its founder? What did he believe?

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Auguste Comte; sociology is not preordained but constructed by individuals

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What did Emile Durkheim study?

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Arguable the first sociological researcher; studied social facts. Studied suicide.

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The aspects of social life (economy, religion, etc.) that shape our actions as individuals are known as what?

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Social Facts

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What two forms of social consensus did Emile Durkheim believe in? Define them.

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Mechanical Solidarity - similar values and beliefs/social consensus found in rural communities

Organic Solidarity - similar values and beliefs/social consensus found in large cities

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In functionalism, what is the difference between "manifest functions" and "latent functions"?

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Manifest - known to and intended by participants of social activity

Latent - consequences of that activity of which participants are unaware

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The conditioning influence on our behavior by the groups of societies of which we are members is called what?

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Social Constraint

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When social norms lose their hold over individual behavior, this situation is called what?

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Anomie

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Name some criticisms of Functionalism.

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- Not able to account for social changes or conflict such as divorce

- Justifies the status quo and complacency in societal members

- Functionalism sees social change as a negative

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Define "Marxism;" what did Karl Marx believe about society?

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Those with power, resources, or social capital control the poor and less advantaged.The Bourgeoisie (who controlled means of production) were exploiting The Proletariat (the workers), who would eventually rise up and create a new government of equal labor/pay.

Those with power, resources, or social capital control the poor.

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Who believed Protestantism spawned Capitalism due to the Protestant work ethic?

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Max Weber

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What are some criticisms of Marxism/Social Conflict Theory?

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It doesn't take into account human nature; No one would want to give up what they have

Extremely negative view of society (every action is dominated by money/power)

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Define "Symbolic Interactionism."

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How we interpret signs/symbols, language, and gestures

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Who coined "symbolic interactionism"?

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George Herbert Mead

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What are some criticisms for Symbolic Interactionism?

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- Lacks the "big picture"

- Doesn't account for socio-economics or prejudices

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Put each sociologist into their category: FUNCTIONALIST, SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORIST, SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST, POST MODERNISM:

Emile Durkheim

Jean Baudrillard

Max Weber

Karl Marx

Auguste Comte

George Herbert Mead

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Functionalists: August Comte, Emile Durkheim

Social Conflict Theorists: Karl Marx, Max Weber

Symbolic Interactionists: George Herbert Mead

Post Modernist: Jean Baudrillard

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What did Jean Baudrillard believe?

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People only respond to images instead of real people; electronic media created a chaotic and empty world.

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Who was the first woman sociologist?

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Harriet Martineau

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Who was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard?

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W. E. B. DuBois

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What's the difference between MACRO and MICRO sociology?

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Macro - interactions of groups/organizations/social systems

Micro - interactions of individuals

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Who were the fathers of modern sociology?

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Durkheim

Marx

Weber

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List all of the steps to the research process.

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"Please, Let Him Drive Round In Richland!"

1. Define the PROBLEM

2. Review the LITERATURE

3. Formulate a HYPOTHESIS

4. Select a research DESIGN

5. Carry out RESEARCH

6. INTERPRET your results

7. REPORT your research findings

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Define "ethnography."

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Firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing or embedded activity.

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Define "survey."

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Method of sociological research in which questionnaires are administered to the population

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Define "empirical investigation."

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Factual inquiries carried out in any area of sociological study

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Define MEAN, MEDIAN, and MODE, and what is the group called?

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MEAN - Average (total divided by number of things)
MEDIAN - Number that falls halfway in the range
MODE - Number that appears most often in dataMeasures of Central Tendency

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Define "standard deviation."

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Way of calculating the spread of a group of numbers.

(ie, 5-10-15-20-25 are all 5 places between each other)