Sociology 101 Final Exam Part One

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Identify marker (race) is a components of self that contribute to the stratification of groups (in powerpoint)

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it is a symbol of who you are, and that symbols of social collectiveness can be vary through language, style, social props, gestures (mannerisms), body shape (size), and more.

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In the textbook indicate that race (identity marker), is a group identify by the society

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because of certain biologically inherited physical characteristics, and the racial classification have been based on combination of appearances (facial features like hair and eye color, skin color and shade) that one presents.

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There are three level of identify marker (social stratification) in the powerpoint , which there are master status, it is bestowed upon, self-revealing and unchangeable by gender, age and race of skin color

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as opposed to primary status, which is bestowed and assumed, self-revealing, but it is changeable by economic social class, language and religion; and secondary status, it is assumed always revealed by social action and changeable by make-ups, hair styles, and jewelries.

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The power of identity maker is based on the foundation of sociological concept of stranger, what we attracted to those whom we perceive to be the most like us, and the social distance that we created among us

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it is noted that perception of difference is more powerful than objectively measurable difference. (powerpoint)

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The conflict theory, the identity marker inequalities are maintained through

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constructed false consciousness with intention of subsequent exploitation.

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As the functional theory believed that inequalities in identity marker

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are dysfunctional best overcome as social balance aimed at stability emerges, which it promotes change in the society.

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While the symbolic theory asserted that the inequalities and discrimination

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are based on subjective interpretation, rather than on objective evaluation.

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How the society choose to define race (identity marker)

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has come about largely through what is culturally convenience for the dominant group, and the problem arising from race relations are social not biological.

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According to the statement by a group of eminent scientists (in 1970s), which pointed out that all people are born free and equal both in dignity and in rights

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racism stultifies (suppress) personal development, and the conflict that based on race cost nations money and resources; as well as the prejudice foments (instigate) international conflict.

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With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948 in South Africa, the one drop of blood rule determines by tracking ancestry back to 14 generation

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and in contrast to in Brazil, and individual's race is based on physical features, such as skin tone, hair texture, facial features, and eye colors.

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The definition of race or racial minority

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is a race in a group that identified by a society because of certain biological inherited physical characteristics. And it is one of the minority groups.

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The difference between race and ethnic group

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is that race is based on physical appearances, and the ethnic group is based on cultural factors, like language, religion, dress, foods, customs, beliefs, values, norms.

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The term panethnicity

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is the process of merging many ethnic groups into one broader category, which it emphasizes that ethnic identity is itself socially shaped and created.

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According to Emory Bogarus' definitions of race and ethnic group, race is refers to immutable biological differences

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and the ethnic group defines and perceives by others with assumption of cultural difference.

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Sociological imagination

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it refers to the relationship between individual experience and public issues, which sociologist Charles Wright Mills (1959) explains, individual problems or private troubles are rooted in social or public issues, and what is happening in the social world outside of one's personal control.

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Assimilation

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is refers to cultural based on erosion of boundaries (process) through sharing of material and non-material components.

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Amalgamation

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it refers to biological, and physiological mixed of members through inter-racial marriage.

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Mortality

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empirical evidence of death rate in the society.

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Morbidity

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empirical evidence of deceased rate in the society.

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As it noted in powerpoint, the native Americans has the highest rate of 20x in alcoholism

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as oppose to African Americans has the highest rate of 6.5x in hypertension, which is the direct result of lack of resources to health care.

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Pluralism

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is refers to a situation in which people of different social classes, religions, races, are together in a society, but continues to have one or more than two kind of ultimate reality. A society with diverse entities of ethnic culture.

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Our nation currently accepts more new immigrants than any other country

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it is average of 700,000 per year, and has the second highest rate of immigration behind Canada.

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Immigrant from every continent has led to a more diverse population

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with up to 16% of the U.S. population is foreign born.

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Gender stratification

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most roles and identities are not biological but rather socially constructed. It is learned and created through the notion of masculinity and femininity.

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Gender role and identity is how individuals use these categories and negotiating the constraints they entailed

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which are those commonly assigned tasks or expected behaviors linked to an individual's sex-determined status.

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According to difference in sex and gender

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is not about biology, but with its socially constructed reality, and not scientifically based. (powerpoint)

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Average of males lifespan is around 76 years

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as oppose to females lifespan of 83 years today.

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The social difference in gender males often has higher achievement, and intelligence

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while females are more dependent and nurturant.

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The social functions of prejudice in powerpoint stated that

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through scapegoating (one took the blame of others), elevation of self (a form of social bigotry, ideological bigotry like the hate group or Hitler) and exploitation of labor (like split labor market).

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Prejudice

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it refers to attitudes that prejudge a group, usually negatively and not based on facts.

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Discrimination

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it refers to when prejudice attitudes become actions against someone or group. Refusal of service to someone of other than their own race, religion, ethnicity, or employment.

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Racial bigotry

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is refers to that individual animosity toward those of another racial category, and bigotry is not the same as racism.

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Stereotyping

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is refers to the process that prejudice individuals categorize large numbers of people, and attribute to them personal qualities based on their dress, language, skin color, or other identifying racial or ethnic features.

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Stereotyping, are passed down through generations by cultures, often are difficult to change

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and they are applied to all members of a group, regardless of individual difference, and used to justify prejudice, discrimination, and unequal distribution of power, wealth, and opportunities.

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One serious problem about stereotyping

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that for both people who are doing the stereotyping and those being stereotyped come to believe the pictures and act accordingly.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs

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when the minority group members incorporate prejudice views about themselves into their behavior, and adopted the stereotype behaviors.

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Scapegoating

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it is refers to when it is impossible to vent frustration toward the real target, like one's boss, one's teachers, and the economic system, and that frustration turn into anger and aggressive action against people who are vulnerable because of their low status.

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Today, jobs and promotions are harder for young adults to obtain than they were for the baby boom generation

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and the primary reason is mostly demographic, due to the rapid growth of the baby boomer in the 1940s and 1950s. In result, the minority members become a scapegoat to blame for the social problem.

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Hate group in the U.S., europe, and many other countries

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justify themselves on the basis of ideological bigotry, with the practice of treating the minority members negatively.

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Symbolic racism occurs

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when individuals insist they are not prejudice or racist, that they are color blind and committed to equality, but at the sometime, they oppose to and social change or policies for the minorities.

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Relative deprivation

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is a view of social change or movement according to which people take action in order to acquire something (gay rights, opportunities, status or wealth) that others possess and which they believe that should have.

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In sociological perspective view racsim

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as a meso-level institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another; this favoritism may result in intentional or unintentional consequences for minority groups.

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Side-effect discrimination (unintentional)

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it refers to practices in one institutional area that have a negative impact because they are linked to practice in another institutional area.

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Past-present discrimination (unintentional)

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it refers to practices in the past may no longer be allowed but that continue to affect people today.

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sexism

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is refers to gender discrimination is prejudice based on a person's sex.

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Genocide

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is refers to the systematic effect of a dominant group to destroy a minority group, is a lethal consequences of racism in order to gain control and power.

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Subjugation

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is refers to the subordination of one group to another that holds power and authority. slavery is one form of subjugation that has existed throughout history.

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Segregation

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is refers to keep the minorities powerless by formally separating them from the dominant group and depriving them of access to the dominant institutions. (Jim Crow's Law 1890s-1960s)

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Domestic colonialism

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it is refers to exploitation of minority groups within a country, such as Native Americans in U.S. and Canada, is a domestically colonized groups.

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Population transfer

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it is refers to the removal of a minority group from a region or country by a dominant group for their resources.

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Transnationalism

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is refers to the process by which immigrants create multi-national social relationship that link together their original societies with their new locations.

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The effect of Prejudice and Discrimination

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due to the poor education for minority members, the society and organization lose the talent individuals who could be productive citizens. And the cost to the government on societal subsides programs in millions (in the form of welfare), which in part of lack of opportunities for the minority individuals. As well as minority groups suffered the cost in the cultural effect by lack of upward mobility for their talents.

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Family structure is functional, as in the powerpoint stated that

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traditional family is subjective and the primary need is to survive by economic connection in the society; and the non-traditional family, which is caused by the change of post-industrialization to nuclear family.

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Purpose of family

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teaching of moral (norms) and value through interaction skills, sense of belonging, provision of food and shelter, emotional support, and stable setting for procreation and protection.

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Endogamy

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the social norms that require individual to marry inside certain boundaries. (People who hang out within their own group)

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Homogamy

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people choose a mate with similar social characteristics, age, place of residence, educational background, political philosophy, moral values, and psychological traits.

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Exogamy

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is a social norm that requires individuals to marry outside of their immediate group.

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For Orthodox Hasidic Jews

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marriage to a reform Jew is exogamy, and strictly forbidden.

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Monogamy

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the most familiar form of marriage in the Global North societies, it refers to marriage of two individuals.

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Polygamy

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in which a man or woman has more than one spouse.

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Polygyny

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a husband having more than one wife.

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Polyandry

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a wife having more than one husband.

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Serial monogamy

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in Western societies practice what could be called a variation of polygamy.

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Extended family

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includes two or more adult generations that share tasks and living quarters.

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Nuclear family

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includes or consist of two parents and their childrens.

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Cohabitation

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it refers to individual living together in a sexual relationship without marriage.

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One reason for the dramatic increases in the U.S. divorce rate after the early 1970s

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was a policy change in no-fault divorce laws.

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Bilateral no-fault divorce (dissolution)

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it requires both parties to agree that they want to out of the marriage, if they agree to the term than the marriage can be dissolved.

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Unilateral no-fault divorce

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it allows one person to insist that the marriage features irreconcilable differences, the two do not have to agree.

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Today, women's proportion of the workforce

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is almost equal to men's in the United States and many other Western countries. While in Sweden, women work force is 82%, and lowest % of homemaking.

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De Jure discrimination

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is done deliberately and justified with laws and ideological beliefs about women's inability to carry out certain tasks.

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De facto discrimination

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which is not intended actions with consequences that disadvantage women.

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In the powerpoint which stated

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that modern education is objectively and promotelly through meritocracy and curriculum basis. In this society, the merit of promotion is based on whether you meet the credential that required.