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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some of the basic assumptions of sociology? |
Individuals need the group for their survival. Individual behavior is largely shaped group norms and sanctions. More than the aggregate of individuals. Have their own characteristics and identities. |
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Macrosociology |
Large scale aaspects and social connections. Large scale structures and processes. |
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Microsociology |
Individual behavior in social situations. Solutions sought at personal and interpersonal level. |
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Earliest form of organized social life. Small groups of approximately fifty. Relationships based on kinship ties. |
Hunting and gathering society. |
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Characteristics of a primitive society. |
Small = population Isolated= private, remote Non-literate= no writing Homogenous=sameness Intergrated life= everything plays a part in daily life (if no rain then they beloved they were unlucky or not spiritually doing enough) Family is the unit of action= family works together and makes important decisions. Communal economic base= everything is shared equally that could benefit the group. |
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First occured 10,000 years ago. Production for subsistence (originally) Has no irrigation No fertilizer No technology No animal traction Extensive yeilds |
Horticulture society |
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Growing crops in a sophisticated way Started 5-6,000 years ago Has irrigation Has fertilizer Has technology Has intensive yeild |
Agrarian society |
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Started 250 years ago Increased population Has national and international markets Has machine technology Which can increase surplus, specialization, and stratification |
Industrial society |
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Jobs shifting from extracting raw materials & producing goods. Focused more on providing services, supplying and manipulating information. |
Post- industrial society |
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A culture is |
Most complicated word in the English language. General process of human development. A groups particular way of life. |
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Society is |
Group of people connected by a political system, economic system, informational system, and legal system. |
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Subculture is |
Group within a larger society. At the same time shares a distinctive set of standards and behavior patterns. Is understanding of the dominant culture in the society. |
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Counterculture is |
Subculture whose norms, values,and life styles are at odds with those of a larger society. |
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Hegemony is |
From Antonio Gramsci- beliefs that there are many voices in a society. When various voices acknowledge each other they empower one another. The main voice sets the boundries for what types of things can be discussed |
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Norm |
Social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in given situations. |
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Norms influence humans in two ways |
Means Ends |
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Types of norms |
Folkways Mores Laws |
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Folkway |
Norms of conduct for everyday life Not deemed to be of great importance No stringent conformity |
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Mores |
Norms vital to the well being of society Deemed to be of great importance Stringent conformity required |
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Laws |
Rules that are enforced by a special political organization composed of individuals who enjoy the right to use force |
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Values |
Shared ideas about what is desirable Correct Good |
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(Durkheim) Social Facts |
Aspects of social life that cannot be explained in terms of the biological or mental characteristics of the individual. |
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(Durkheim) Material social facts include |
Society itself as well as its major institutions (state,religion,family,education, etc and the various forms that underlie society (housing patterns,the crime rate, population disturbances, etc) |
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(Durkheim) nonmaterial social facts are |
The social rules,principals of morality, meanings of symbols, and the shared consciousness that results from these. |
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Durkheim key concept |
Society is more than the sum of its parts. It is a system formed by the association of individuals that comes to constitute a reality with its own distinctive characteristics. |
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Organic solidarity |
No one person is self sufficient and we must count on others differences to survive (factory workers making a car. Each worker has its own job in order to make the individual car) |
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Mechanical solidarity |
People are knit together by their engagement in similar tasks and derive a sense of oneness by being so much alike( hunting and gathering and agrarian society) |
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Social solidarity |
Tendency of people to maintain social relationships |
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(Weber) Verstehen means |
(German) understanding and insight. |
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Weber ( ideal type) means |
Constructed by sociologist to portray the principle characteristics of something they want to study. |
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Manifest function |
Consequences that are intended and recognized by the participants in a system. |
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Latent function |
Consequences that are neither intended or recognized. |
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First school to have a sociology department in 1893. The area the school was in was considered a social laboratory and it was subjected to intense and systematic study. The schools sociology department was mostly male and hostile towards woman and their role in political activism. |
Chicago school of sociology |
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Functionalist perspective |
Focuses on the macro aspects and emphasizes order, and stability. |
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Conflict perspective |
Focuses on a macro level and emphasizes on inequality, oppression, exploitation, social turmoil, and social change. |
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Interactionist perspective |
Focuses on micro aspects and emphasizes on human beings interacting with one another using symbols based on shared meanings. |
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August Comte |
Functionalist perspective- founding father of sociology and came up with the name. |
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Charles Horton Cooley |
Interactionist perspective- came up with process known as self- concept development. |
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Emile Durkheim |
Functionalist perspective- wrote the division of labor in society. |
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Erving Goffman |
Interactionalist perspective who emphasized on symbols, meaning something that stands for something else. |
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Karl Marx |
Associated with the conflict perspective and the process of change that continuously tranform social life.c |
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Ethnocentrism is |
The belief that one's own way of life is best in every way |
