Sociology 101

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Crimes Mala insert

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Crimes that are perceived historically and cross culturally as wrong ex.murder, robbery, torture

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Crimes Mala prohibita

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Acts that are deemed as 'wrong' due to prohibition, because they are against the law.

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Deviance by illustration

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Many of us can think up a list of what is deviant. Why are some people/behaviours on the list and not others? These lists are incomplete and tell us nothing about why some types of people and behaviours are deviant. It is left unclear to society of what is deviant and wrong.

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Deviance in statistical terms

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Defining deviance in terms of statistical rarity. Many of people we see as deviant are relatively unusual.

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Deviance as harm

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Many people considered as deviants are harmful but many do not. The mentally ill may be treated as deviant. Although it is difficult to ascribe harm to their differentness.

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Deviance as a sociological concept(social control)

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Both formal (ie.application of legal sanctions) and informal (gossip,ridicule,glares) social control can be used to define behaviour as problematic.

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Claimsmaking

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Groups asserting grievances regarding the troublesome character of "other" people and behaviours in this way we think of social problems and deviance as "accomplished.

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Managing stigma

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For discredit able stigma management involves pressing need to control information others have about them. Those suffering from stigmatized diseases might keep that a secret through fear of rejection. People with a hidden stigma face constant worry that others they care about may reject them if info comes public.

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3 objectives of claimsmaking

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Publicizing the problematic character of the people with the behaviour in question. People need to be convinced that something is a problem.

Shaping a particular view of the problem ex. Problem drinking: could be seen as a sin, a crime, or a sickness.

Building concensus around new moral categories: as a concensus is built deviant categories take on a common sense charachter

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Assignment of stigma: labelling theory

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The assignment of stigma overrides all other status considerations. Being known as a murder triumphs any other status characteristics the person might have ex. Bright or funny

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Status degradation theory

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The rituals of when you are given the status "deviant". The ceremonies are incompetency hearings, psychiatric examinations, and courtroom trials. These rituals are an official public acknowledgement of your knew title of "deviant"

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Resistance to labelling

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To avoid the label of "deviant" a person may; using evasion to undermine social control successful deviants learn to conduct in ways that decrease risk of getting caught. Individuals try to avoid or negotiate stigma through what Hoffman calls performance.

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Goffmans study of performance

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The dramatic roles we might perform when stopped by a police officer for speeding are a part of a performance intended to neutralize the efforts of the officer to impose a deviant designation.

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Disclaimer mannerisms

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Actions intended to signal to agents of social control that one is not the appropriate target of deviant attricbution

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Symbolic interaction

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The role of linguistic interaction in developing a social identity and function according to shared norms and values

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Situated transaction

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Refers to a process of interaction involving 2 or more individuals that lasts as long as they are in each other's presence. Need to focus of participants in a criminal event and not what any of them does individually

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Atomic theory

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Atomic occurs when there is a lack of integration between the cultured goals to which people are encouraged to pursue and the legitimate means available for achieving those goals

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Frustrated ambitions

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Happens when you aspire to goals you can't realistically obtain

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Strain theory

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The lack of fit between cultural goals people are encouraged to seek and the means available to pursue these goals creates a social strain to which deviant behaviour is an adjustment. In our society there is little recognition of the role class barriers play in social life. Everyone is encouraged to pursue the goal of marital success. Everyone is judged a success or failure. When people steal money or material goods it can be said they are using illegitimate means to achieve to achieve trappings of success. Drugs can be taken to remove them from the competition for success. This is most common is the lower class where it is most likely to experience the disjunction between the things to which they aspire and what's available.

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Second source of strain

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Teens who cannot avoid abusive parents or can not avoid negative conditions ex. Teens who use drugs, run away, or become aggressive as a way of coping with this strain. Strain can occur when individuals loose something they value.

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Cultural support theory

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People behave in ways that reflect cultural values that they have been exposed to. We most commonly refrain from committing murder not because we don't know how but because we have internalized that it is wrong.

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Control theory

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Deviant behaviours occur when whenever it is allowed to occur. So we can expect to find deviance when social controls are weak or broken.