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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the scientific study of society and human behavior
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sociology
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types of sociology
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basic, applied, and public
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describe, explain and predict based on social research
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goals of sociology
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a science focused on external factors that influence groups of individuals
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social sciences
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history, culture and environment. influence decision making
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social forces
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group of people who share a territory and culture
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society as s social system
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how social outcomes for individuals are a result of social forces, individual biography, and historical changes
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socialogical imagination
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the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs
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social institutions
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encouraged equal distribution of power, prestige and wealth
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Marx and social change
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generally suicide has some relationship with social rules or values and the individual
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durkheim and suicide
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a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that contributes to society's equilibrium
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structural functionalism
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intended functions
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manifest
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unintended consequences
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latent functions
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a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
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conflict theory
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a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
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symbolic interactionism
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sub division of symbol interactionism: labels given affect perceptions of self and how others perceive them.
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labeling
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an assumption of what people are like, whether true or false
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stereotype
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Robert merton's term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted by someone else
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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the experience of sociological discovery could be described as culture shock
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an invitation to sociology
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select a topic, define the problem, review the literature, formulate a hypotheisis, choose a research method, collect the data, analyze the results, share the results.
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social research process
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documents, experiments, unobtrusive measures, surveys, participant observation, case studies, and secondary analysis
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research methods
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the language, beliefs, norms, values, behaviors, and are passed from one generation to the next
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culture
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the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
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gestures
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a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite numbers of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
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language
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the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
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values
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what is expected of people; the expectations or rules intended to guide people's behavior
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norms
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a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward
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positive sanction
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an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as prison or execution
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negative sanction
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the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture: a world within a world
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subculture
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a group whose values, beliefs, norms and related behaviors place it's members in opposition to the broader culture
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counterculture
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the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their act, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry
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material culture
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a groups way of thinking (beliefs) and doing (behavior) also symbolic culture
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nonmaterial culture
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the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture ans can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
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culture shock
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norms that are not strictly enforced
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folkway
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norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or wellbeing of the group
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more
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a norm so strong that it often revulsion if violated
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taboo
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ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class
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status consistency
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ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others. aka status discrepancy
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status inconsistency
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the position that someone occupies in a social group
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status
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the behaviors, obligations, and privileges, attached to a status
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role
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depend on our status and role; or who we are speaking
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interactions
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the physical space surrounding someone
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personal space
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a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face to face association and cooperation
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primary group
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people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them
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impression management
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a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications and records
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bureacracy
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choosing the most efficient means to accomplish tasks
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rationalization
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what is available
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practical rationality
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logical meaning in a chaotic world
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theoretical rationality
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values
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substantive rationality
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laws rules and regulations
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formal rationality
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tested group conformity, (peer pressure) people are more likely to conform in large, secondary groups, we do not want to stand out in secondary groups
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asch experiment
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tested obedience to authority, this research proved that obedience took precedence over moral convictions
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milgram obedience study
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the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation
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mcdonaldization of society
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cows symbolize abundance and health
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India's sacred cow
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religion serves several functions for society. gives meanj g and purpose to life, reinforces social unity and stability, agent for social control of behavior, promotes physical and psychological well-being
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structural functionalism in religion
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religion reinforces and promotes social inequality and social conflict, helps convince the poor to accept their lot in life and it leads to hostility and violence motivated by religious difference
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conflict theory in religion
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perspective that focuses on the way individuals interpret their religious experiences. emphasizes that beliefs are. not sacred unless people regard them as such. once beliefs and practices are though to be sacred, they take on special significance and give meaning to people's lives
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symbolic interactionism in religion
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according to durkheim beliefs and practices that seperate the profane from the sacred and unite their adherents into a moral community
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religion
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the alteration of culture and societies over time
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social change
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ceremonies or repetitive practices; in religion, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred
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ritual
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a new religion with few followers whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion
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cult
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a religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society
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sect
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written by Napoleon chagnon, participant observation
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the fierce people
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