Sociology

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is a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem. this requires adherence to a series of steps designed to ensure the accuracy of the results.

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scientific method

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defining the problem, reviewing the literature, formulating the hypothesis, selecting the research design and then collecting and analyzing data, and devloping the conclusion.

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sociology and scienticif method

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what you hope to investigate. means explicitly identifyingboth the concepts we are interested in learning more about and the nature of the relationship we suspect might exist between the concepts.

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defining the problem

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trandformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable. allows then to asses the concept.

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operational definition

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investigating previous research conducted by sociologists and others regarding the concepts we wish to study. best place to start is in a sociological journal

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reviewing the literature

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a testable statement about hte relationship between tow or more variables. income, religion, occupation, and gender can all serve as variables in a study.

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hypothesis

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a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.

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variable
( under formulating hypothesis)

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the variable in a causal relationship that causes or infleunces a change in a second variable.

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independnet variable

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the variable in a casual reltionship that is subject to the influence of another variable. causes change

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dependent variable

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identifying independent and dependent varialbes is a critical step in clarifying __________ relationships

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cause and effect

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involves the relationship between a condition or variable and a particular conseguence with one event leading to the other. ex. more time spent reviewing for a quiz likelihod it go better.

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casual logic

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a relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other.

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correlation

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you must collect data. there are a variety of ways known as research designs that sociologsts go about doing this, including surveys, observation, experiments , and use of existing data.

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collecting and analyzing data

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see individuals and groups that are repsresentative of the population that is the subject of research.

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selecting a sample

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a selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of the population. scientsist use the random ______sample most frequiently

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sample

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a smaple for which every number of an entire population has the same chance of being selected. these special techniques let the sociologists be confident that hte results they obtain will be representative of hte larger population freeing them from having to question whole population

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random sample

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in order to have confidence in their findings and in keeping with the scientific method sociologists pursue research resulats that are both ___ and ___.

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valid and reliable

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refers to the degree to which a measure pr scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study
EX: a measure of income would accuratley reprents how much moeny a person earned in a given year.

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validity

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refers to the extent to which a measure produces consistent results. some people may give not accurate info but some do.

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reliability

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the conclusion of a reseach study represents both an end and a beginning. it terminates one specific phase of the investigation but should also generate ideas for ___ ___

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future study

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sociological studies do not alays generate data that support the ___ ____. in many instances the results searchers must reformulate their conclusions. this often leads to additional research in which sociologists reexamine their theory and methods, making approproate changes in their research design

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original hypothesis

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a factor that is held constant to test the relavtive imapt of an independent variable

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control variable

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the degree to which neighbors know and regularly interact with each other as a control variable

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familiarity

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____ is cylical in nature. at the end od the process, __ almost always find that they have more questions they ould like to pursue and most ___ papers inckude specific section addressing how they might define the problem and carry out the research next time.

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research, researchers

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a detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically. often based on the theories and hypothesis the researcher starts with.

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reseacher design

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____ ____ that sociologistst reg use to generate data include surveys, observation, experiments, and exisisting sources

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reseach designs

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is a study generally in the form of an interview or questionaire that provides researchers with info about how people think and act

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survey

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must be simple and clear for people to understand, must also be specific enough that reseasrchers have no problems interpreting the results

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survey

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two main forms of surveys:

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interview and questionaire

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in which a reseacher obtsind info through face to face or telephone questioning

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interview

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in whichc a reseacrcher uses a printed or writen form to obtain info from respondent

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questionaire

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collects and reports data primarily in numerical form.

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quantitative

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which relies on what they see in field and communities rather than on larger grouos ir whole nations. rely on computers to assist their analysis

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qualitative

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a research technique that relies on what is seen in field of natuarlistic settings more than on statistical data

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observation

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the study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation.

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ethnography

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sociologists joins the group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates

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participant observation

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two typs of obseration ?

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participant and non participitant

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want to conduct a cause and effect relationship they conduct an ____ an artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables.

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experiment

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refers to a variety of research techniques that make use of previously colecte and publically accessible info and data

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secondary analysis

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also allows us to study social contexts both present and past, and past through careful analysis of cultural, economic, poitical documents inclduing newspapers, periodicals, radio and telvesion tapes, the internet, scripts, diaries,songs, folklore and legal papers

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secondary analysis

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the systematic coding and objective recording of date quided by some rationale

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content analysis

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according to Goffman and hte adds he read about women showed as subordinate to or dependdent on others, or as taking instrustuin from nen .

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content analysis

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the standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession,

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code of ethics

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the sociologists using the ____ perspective have had perhaps the greatest impact on hte current generation of social researchers. they were the first sociologists ro look at housework as real work and to investigate the struggls people face in balancing the demands of work and family

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feminist

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must be engaged with the world. through research we must go out and collect data and use it to inform or interpretations and explanations of human behavior

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sociology

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the __ researchers tend to involve and consult their subjects more than other reseachers contributing to a significant increase in mroe qualitative and participorty research

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feminsists

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objectivity, integrity, privacy, dignity,voluntary, protect from harm, confidentiality, informed consent, acknowledge collaboration, disclose financial support

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code of eithcs wrote by asa