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69 Cards in this Set
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Durkheim- crime is .. |
A normal part of all healthy societies |
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Merton- deviance is a result of |
Strain between goals a culture sets and what the structure of society allows them to achieve a.l |
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A.k Cohen - wc boys fall into anomie in education system because.. |
They lack skills to achieve> status frustration> create subculture |
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Cloward and ohlin - 3 subcultures |
Criminal- adult criminals train youths into lifestyle Conflict- gangs offer only stability in high population turnover Retreatist- those who fail legit and illegitimately turn to drug use |
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Lea+Young (LR) - 3 causes of crime |
Relative deprivation- how deprived they feel in relation to others Subculture- groups solution to problem of relative deprivation Marginalisation- umemployed youths are marginalised and this frustration leads to criminal means |
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LR solutions to crime |
Democratic policing and reducing inequality |
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Right Realists- 3 causes of crime |
Inadequate socialisation Biological differences- Wilson= crime was caused by social and biological factors Rational choice theory- Crime is a choice based on calculations of consequences |
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Felson- routine activity theory |
For a crime to occur there must be a motivated offender, suitable target and no capable guardian |
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RR- solutions to crime |
Zero tolerance policing and.. |
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RR- Wilson and Kelling- solutions to crime |
Neighbourhoods must be kept orderly to prevent crime broken window theory |
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Chambliss- ruling class crime |
Few laws challenge unequal distribution of wealth |
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Reiman - selective enforcement |
Crimes of powerful much less likely to be prosecuted |
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Durkheim- 2 types of justice |
Retributive justice - traditional society society has collective conscience so punishment harsh. Restorative justice- modern society strong sense of independence so repair damage through compensation (community service) |
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Labelling theorist- Becker |
Social groups create deviance by creating + applying rules to people, they are then labelled 'outsiders' |
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Cicourel- typifications |
Police use stereotypes (typifications) of typical delinquents so WC more likely to be arrested |
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Lements - secondary deviance |
Labelling people as deviant encourages them to become more so= secondary deviance |
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Young- study of marajuana users |
Police persecution of hippies as junkies pushed them into closed group led to more serious drug use |
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Cohen- folk devils- deviancy amplification spiral |
Media exaggerates> public concern grows> call for crackdown> youths demonised and therefore commit more crime (ex. Mods and rockers) |
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How many victims of sexual assault tell nobody? |
40% |
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feeley+Simon - contemporary social control |
actuarialism- stress of social control has changed from controlling deviant behaviour to controlling potentially deviant people |
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Rusche- Marxist approacj |
Law and punishment reflect ruling class interests |
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Reiner- 3 ways of categorising police discretion |
Individualistic- police have own discretion, concerns and interests Cultural- have specific occupational culture (taught to discriminate and isolated from public) Structural- very structure of law is biased in favour of police officers |
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What percent of prisoners are unemployed |
55% |
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Herman- state crimes |
We should label acts as criminal if they go against human rights |
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Cohen- state crime |
Some acts are legal even though we think they're immoral (mag thatchers poll tax) |
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Cohen- spiral of denial (3 things) |
>state claims there was no massacre > state says it not how it looks > try and justify their behaviour |
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Matza- neutralisation techniques |
>denial of victim >denial of responsibility >denial of injury >appeal to higher loyalty |
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Kelman+ Hamilton (3 features that produce crimes of obedience) |
Authorisation Routinisation Dehumanisation (Ex. SS guard at nazi camp) |
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Hobbs+ dunningham - 'glocal organisation' |
Crime is rooted locally but crime trades still have global links |
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Taylor- globalisation+ crime |
Globalisation has led to changes in crime, created crime at both supply and demand countries |
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South- two types of green crime |
Primary result from destruction of earths resources (deforestation) Secondary grows out of path of stopping environmental crime (disposal on nuclear waste) |
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Beck- green crime |
Global risk society - improvements of tech have created new manufactured risks |
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Edgework- gender and crime |
(Not person) Much crime is committed because of thrill of getting away with it (similar to gambling) |
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Messerschmidt- gender and crime |
Men want dominant hegemonic masculinity, wc and ethnic minorities can't achieve this so go to crime |
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How much less likely are women jailed compared to men |
1/3 |
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How many rape cases end up with conviction? |
3% |
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Popper (criticise hypo deductive mod) |
Questioned logic, we should look for evidence to prove hypothesis wrong, no such thing as objective truth |
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Popper- 999 white swans |
Society is always changing, can't predict or assume things about future |
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Postmodernists- science |
Reject view that there are 'universal truths' rejects science as embodiment of this idea, sciences are subjective |
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Kuhn - paradigms |
Scientists work with set of assumptions (paradigms) laid by previous scientists therefore not as open-minded as positivists claim |
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Postmodernists- science |
Reject view that there are 'universal truths' rejects science as embodiment of this idea, sciences are subjective |
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Kuhn - paradigms |
Scientists work with set of assumptions (paradigms) laid by previous scientists therefore not as open-minded as positivists claim |
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Kuhn - when can scientific progress happen? |
Only when evidence which doesn't fit into the paradigms appear |
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Ethnographic- |
Direct observation of a 'small society' and then written report produced |
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Giddens- High modernity is based on 2 key factors |
Disembedding- lifting out of social relations, from local contexts of interactions (web shopping) Reflexivity- decrease in daily interactions means we become reflective+ reevaluate ideas making culture unstable |
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Beck |
Calls this 'manufactured risks which come from technology not nature |
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Durkheim- 2 types of society |
Traditional- people bound by a collective conscience=no room for individuals Modern- promotes difference but individual freedom needs to be regulated |
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Parsons - compares society to biological organism in 3 ways |
System both self regulate, all parts work together System needs needs must be met for it to survive Functions contribute to part of a society to ensure survival |
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Parsons- the systems needs (4) |
Adaptation- of environment to meet peoples needs Goal attainment- society needs a set of goals and establish how to reach them Integration- diff parts of society need to be integrated to pursue shared goals Literacy- marriage, friends, etc, help people keep performing their roles |
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Mertons- internal critique of functionalism |
Indispensability parson sees Everything as indispensable, but there may be better alternatives Functional unity- not all parts of society are tightly integrated Universal functionalism- functional for some groups not others (poverty) |
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Mertons- manifest- latent |
HOPI INDIAN RAINDANCE manifest function- cause rain Latent function- promotes social solidarity |
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Durkheim+ Marx both had aim to |
Use sociology to improve human life |
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Max weber- 4 essential roles of values |
Values as a guide- areas chosen if relevant to us Must be objective as possible Values must be stated explicitly Sociologists can dodge moral issues their work raises |
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Gramsci- humanistic marxism |
Ruling class maintain position through coercion (police, army) and consent use ideas and values to persuade subordinate classes of legitimate rules |
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Althusser - structuralist Marxism |
social structures shape history not peoples actions. Althusser rejects superstructure model Capitalist society has 3 levels Economic, political, ideological |
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Baechlor- (interpretivist) what motivates suicide |
Escapist suicide- unbearable situations (Dom abuse) Aggressive- hurt or harm someone else (blame someone) Oblative- used to gain desire (heaven) Ludic- done for risk/excitement |
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Durkheim- (positivist) what is suicide |
Used quantitative data, wanted to prove even individual act like suicide has social causes Egoistic- too little integration (Catholics feel more belonging ) Altruistic- too much integration (suicide bombers) Anomic- too little regulation (stock market crash) Fatalistic- too much regulation (prisoner, mental patient) |
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Taylor- realist view (why suicide) |
All based on individuals Submissive- involved certainty about oneself (terminal patient) Sacrifice- certainty about others (religious cult) Thanation- uncertainty about oneself (Russian roulette) Appeal- uncertainty about others (hoping lover finds them) |
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Oakley- feminism |
Sex- biological differences between males and females Gender- culturally constructed differences between masculine and feminine roles |
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3 ways radical fams find solution to patriarchy |
Separatism- live apart from men Consciousness-raising- lead to collective action such as 'redeem the night' marches Political lesbianism- only non oppressive form of sexuality |
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Barrett (Marxist fem)- ideology of familism |
The family is portrayed as only place women can attain fulfilment, helps keep women subordinated |
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Hartmann- dual-system fem |
Capitalism and patriarchy are two intertwined systems which form single 'patriarchal capitalism' |
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Weber - social action theory, 4 types of action |
Instrumentally rational- where actor calculates most efficient means of achieving goal Value-rational- action towards goals that actor regards as desirable Traditional- customary, routine, habitual Affectual- expresses emotion |
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Blumer- symbolic interactionism |
Actions are based on the meanings we give to situations, people, etc (actions are only partly predictable) |
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Becker- labelling theory (symbolic interaction) |
If you labelled someone as 'mental' the person would see through looking-glass self and act up to the label committing self-fulfilling prophecy) |
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Golfmans- dramaturgical model |
'Front stage' we act the role we want audience to believe using language, tone and gestures. 'Backstage' we can step out of roles and become ourselves |
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Schutz- phenomenology |
We use typifications to organise our experiences into shared world meaning, this means we are able to know what it normal and have 'recipe knowledge' |
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Garfinkel- ethnomethodology |
Social order is created from bottom up (opposite to funct) Indexicality- meanings are always potentially unclear) Reflexivity- use our common sense knowledge to construct a sense of society |
