Socio Deviant Behavior Exam 2

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definitions of rape

Back 1

1927-2012: carnal knowlege of female, forcibly against her will

2012: penetratio no matter how slight of vagina, anus, with any body part or object or oral penetration by sex organ of another person without consent of victim

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statutory rape

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victim is underaged and violent use of force or threat of force

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forcible rape

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no consent for a sexual act

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how do rape and sexual assault correlate

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most victims of both know their attackers, violent use of force

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netsilik inuit

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northern canadians that would kill the kids (infantside) they didnt want usually girls

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stages of criminal career

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identification with crime

commitment to crime

progression in crime

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mala in se vs mala prohibita

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mala in se- act evil in it self

mala prohibita- act is wrong because of a law put into place

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violent crimes largely intraracial or interracial?

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intraracial (same race)

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rape shiled laws

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not publishing naes of those rapes, limited in brining up who has been raped, sexual characteristics/history

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spillover hypothesis

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become more violent because someone becomes violent against you

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victim precipitated

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how victim's interaction with an offender can contribute to crime being committed

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just world hypothessi

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karma, good things happen to good people, bad to bad

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correlates of rape and sexual assault

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gender-female most likely

race- african americans

age: 16-19

urban

unmarried, low income wester region higher

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similarity between forcible rape and homicide

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both usually know their attackers

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characteristic of occasional offenders

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infrequent and generally occur when situations are favorable

if theyre caught, usually stop behavior, not high sanctions

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examples of occasional property offenders

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illegal joyriding, check forgery, shoplifting, employee theft, vandalism

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characteristics of a conventional career criminal

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seriouis criminals whove progressed from violence and theft as a juvinile into more serious adult criminal behavior

experience frequent interactions with police,, courts, authorities, dentition centers, prison, probation

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societal reaction to conventional career criminals

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many believe they are the most deviant, living a criminal lifestyle

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drawback to increasing penalties for conventional criminal behavior

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overcrowding in prisons

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why is there overcrowding in prison?

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mandatory prison sentences

determinite sentencing

harsher penalties for popular crime trends

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types of political offenders

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crimes against the government (tax evasion, terrorism)

crimes by the government

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examples of organized crimes

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earn living from criminal activities

controlling prostitution

making loans

illegal gambling

selling illegal narcotics,\rackateering

reselling stolen goods

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why is it difficult for law enforcement to control organized crime?

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connections with judges, seen as public figures

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professional offender

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develop extensive criminal careers and revered as highest social class within criminal communicity

usually trained in occupations

work in lossely organized groups

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neutralization theory

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criminal have same values as society, but find ways to condone their behavior

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the devil made me do it

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had a discussion group, asked why they were shoplifting

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was the shoplifting study informed consent

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yes and no. they knew they were being studied, but didnt know it was on neturalization tehcniques

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5 original techniques of neturalization by sykes and matza

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denail of responsibilitly- beyond their control (drunk high)

denial of injury (no real victim, no harm)

denial of victim (they deserved it)

condemnation of condemners (system is corrupt)

appeal to higher loyalties (serving a greater good)

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4 additional tehniques of neutralization

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defense of necessity (had to do it, survival)

everybody does it (act is common)

justification by comparison (compare what you did to someone else, couldve done worse)

postponement (offender supresses feelings momentarily)

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sociologist that came up with neutrailzation

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sykes and matza

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white collar crime

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law violation committed in context of legitimate occupation

violate trust, fraud, power

usually done by person of respectability and high scoial status who is primary beneficiary

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who developed the term white collar crime?

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sutherland

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professional white collar crime and deviance

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priests, professors, others

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3 stage sequence developed by cressey

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a percieved unsharable financial problem

belief that finacnial problem can be secretly resolved by violating financial trust

creation of rationalization to protect their conventional self concept

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do white collar criminal selt a criminal role?

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few do

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do white collar criminals see themselves as criminals?

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no, usually dont have a rap sheet of crimes

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corporate crime

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invovle entire firms/ industries instead of individual

violations of laws or regulations

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who usually committs coporate crime

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those in management, primary beneficiary cor or org

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4 types of corporate violations

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crimes against consumers (saying product does more than it does)

crimes agaisnt owneres (skimming money from owners)

crimes against employees (not giving them safety gear)

crimes against general public (violating epa rules)

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drug

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substance that by chemical nature alters structural function in an organism

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pyschoactive drug

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effects consciousness, mood ex: alchol, caffeine

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illicit drug

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something unlawful to possess

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deviant drug usee

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determined to be deviant based on situation/ social reactions/ context

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gateway theory

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use of psychoactive drugs (weed) will lead to the use of other drugs

research hasnt found that weed is linked to the use of other drugs

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portugal program

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increased criminalization trend in portugal, decriminalized drugs, took money and used for treatment

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decriminalization vs legalization

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decrim means that there are no criminal penalties, but still illegal to posess

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did decrim raise or lower drug use in protugal

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lower, the less stigmatized something is the more likely someone is to come forward

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treatment options for drugs

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addict self help programs, scare tactics, drug education

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methadone maintenance

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treatment for heroin addicts, treating a drug with a drug

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moral crusade

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a movement that campaigns for a moral cause, carrie natures, drunk driving

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moral panic

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fear that reaches an entire society revolving around an issue that is threatening society

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moral enterprise

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same thing as a moral crusade

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moral crusader

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someone taking part in a moral crusade

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3 steps learning process for marijuana

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learn technique

recognize effects

learn to enjoy effects

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career stages of a marijuana user

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beginner

occasional user

regular user

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form of social control over mariguana users

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supply

secrecy

morality

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alcohol is simultaneously

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normal, deviant, legal, illegal

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social drinker

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infrequent, in social situations

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problem drinker

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problems due to drinking

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chronic drinker

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regulalry drinking, long period of time

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types of suicide

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euthensia, physician assisted suicide

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correlates of suicide

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males 4x likely

whites

methods used : firearms, hanging, poison

20x more attempts than completions (women and kids more likely to attempt)

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how is suicide learned?

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association, reinforcemnt, definitions, imitation (favorable definitions and suffering)

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typology of suicides

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alturuistic: benefit of someone else

egoistic: not as integrated into society (loners)

anomic: normlessness, low level regulation

fatalistic: overregulation, no doubt in norms, not in charge of life because not regulationg their own life (slaves)

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honor/virgin suicide

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disgrace to soceity, highly paternalistic, emphasis on staying pure

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adolescent suicide

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13-19 adolescents, behavior is learned, kids under 10 rarely commit suicide

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parasuicide

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method being used to kill yourself wont kill you

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werther efefect

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social learning theory

put positive spin on suicide, make it seem desirable, why suicides arent on the news

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statistical accuracy

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struggle to understand extent to which suicide is collective practice

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effect of country music on suicide

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found that the content of music had sucidish themes and found correlation between whites committing suicide and listening to country music

themes found in the songs foster suicidal mood: disharmoy, relationship problems, divorce)

Front 71

did sutherland encounter resistance in attempt to publish first book on white collar crime?

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yes, there were companies that were funding the publisher that wouldn't allow Sutherland to publish their names because they were on his list of corporate crimes. Curra text talks about what happened to him after he published his book, the original text book had to censor out certain names and companies. This is what happens when you challenge people of greater power. The publishing company (university) got funding from the big name companies, cant talk about it because they were giving them money.

Front 72

addiction

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the physical and mental dependence on a substance in order to function

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relationship between alcohol and crime

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alcohol can lead someone to commit crimes

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drug crusade

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like a moral crusade but for a drug cause

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what percentage of those arrested for felonies actually end up in prison

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less than 3%

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is there a relationship between alcohol and crime

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no clear answer, but it was found that 56% of people had been drkinking before they committed major crime

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6 models of alcoholism

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psychoanalytic: alcholism is a symptom of underlying personality disorder due to childhood experiences

family interation- family probelms and relationships with fam, stress of family

behavioral- behavior not a desease, find what is causing the drinking

biological- in structural makeup

medical- alcoholism is a disease

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inchoate suicide

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those parasuicidal incidents where methods, motives, and intents are lethal enough to do the job but death does not result

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how do self concepts of white collar criminals differ from conventional criminials

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white collar criminals have usually not had previous run ins with the law, dont believe their criminals,

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heavy drinker

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still function, but worked up tolerance, drinks a lot to get drunk

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alcoholic

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someone who drinks frequently enough to the point it interferes with health , soical, economic functioning

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issues found in defining heavy drinkers and alcoholics?

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different sources can say different things, lose terms, all up for personal interpretation

Front 83

has alcohol and tobaccos been found to be enticing to animals?

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no, dont like either

humans social lifves responsible for drug taking, and aniamls dont have that

develop a drug habit when tehyd ont have rewarding experience/qualitly relationships

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what are some limitation to studying drug use in animals?

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dont know if theyre depending on a drug or scared, no way to get verbal confirmation

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biological conception of drug use

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in your genes, sturctural makeup

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psychological conception of drug use

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mental illness, maladaptive behavior

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sociologcial conceptions of drug use

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hirschi- self and social control theory

sutherland and akers- social learning theory

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social control theory

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social bond to community low, more liekly to engage in deviant acts hirschi

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social learning theory

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deviance i learned from those close to you

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anomie and drug use

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normlessness, the lack of the same standards of the rest of soceity

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conflict theory and drug use

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competiton for resources

lower socioeconomic status, those with less money will sell drugs to keep up with economic status