Deviant Behavior Exam 1

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Folkway

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relatively low level expectations

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More

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The norm is something we feel more strongly about, more likely to be enforced by law

ex. stealing

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Taboos

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More serious or against the law, criminal cases

ex. murder

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Attitudes

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Violating beliefs and attitudes

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Behavior

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Against the norm

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Conditions

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Mental conditions, your status in poverty level

ex. when you get a tattoo

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Ascribed statuses

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Something that you choose to do

ex. tattoo

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Achieved statuses

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Something that you have no control over

ex. unemployment

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Master statuses

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Identification that proves to be more important than other statuses that a person holds

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Auxiliary Statuses

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The accepted behaviors, ideas, or attitudes accepted of someone possessing a master status

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Absolutist Perspective

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Deviance is not socially constructed, it is based on community held morals and values

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Constructionist/relativist

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Deviance is socially constructed what the current society says is deviant

- this includes labeling (labeling your behavior because society defines it that way, even if you have not been caught

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Social power

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Groups who construct definitions of deviance and to apply those labels onto others

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Functionalist perspective

(Heckert & Heckert)

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Negative Deviance (negative reaction, underconform), Rate Bustin (negative reaction, overconform), Deviance Administration (positive reaction, underconform), Positive Deviance (positive reaction, overconform)

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10 middle class norms

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loyalty, privacy, prudence, conventionality, responsibility, participation, moderation, honesty, peacefulness, courtesy

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Moral Entrepreneurs

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People who make and are involved in deviance

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Rule creators

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People that create the rules

ex. teachers, parents, and politicians

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Rule enforcers

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People who tell you what to do but don't create the rules, they just tell you to obey them

ex. police and judges

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Necessary for a moral panic

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Timing (social context), Target (why a good target?), Trigger (event to kick it off), Context (sensational), Spread (media, public, interest groups, authorities), Decline (fade, replaced, cause change)

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Who benefits from moral panics?

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The moral entrepreneurs like the media

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How is the concept of social power relevant?

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It is what creates deviance, without social power we wouldn't have rules and regulations of what is deemed deviant or normal

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Why does some issues not lead to moral panics?

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Some people don't lead to moral panics because they don't have the necessary qualities. For example, the media might not care about it and therefore there wouldn't be a large spread of the panic

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7 ingredients of a drug scare

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Kernel of Truth, Media Magnification, Political/Moral Entrepreneurs, Professional Interest groups, Historical context of conflict, Linking drugs to dangerous class (social power), Scapegoating drugs for problems

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Kernel of truth

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There must be some basis for people to claim that it is a problem

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Media Magnification

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Media dramatizes problems in their news-generating and sales-promoting procedures

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Political/Moral Entrepreneurs

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These people call attention to the drug using behavior and define it as a threat of about which something must be done

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Professional Interest groups

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These groups claim for themselves, by virtue of their specialized forms of knowledge, the legitimacy and authority to name what is right and wrong and to prescribe the solution

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Historical context of conflict

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The fertile ideological soil that provides a context in which claim makers could viably construe certain classes of drug users as a threat

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Linking drugs to dangerous class (social power)

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The link, created by politico-moral entrepreneurs, between a substance and a group of users perceived by the powerful as dangerous and threatening

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Scapegoating drugs for problems

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Blaming a drug or its alleged effects on a group of users for a variety of preexisting social skills that are typically only indirectly associated with it

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Biological Theory of Deviance

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In earlier times, scholars of crime approached deviant behavior as rooted in people's biological abnormalities or predispositions

-tried to find links between incarcerated criminals and genetic deficiencies

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Psychological theories

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Psychological theories have roots in the late 18th century, drawing on psychiatric, psychoanalytical, and psychological explanations of how individuals and personalities affect their deviance
- Freud: oedipus/electra complex

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Structural Perspectives

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Focuses on how the structure of society contributes to deviance and the idea that people with more social power have more power to define deviance (people with less power cannot)

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5 adaptations to strain

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Conformity
Ritualism
Retreatist
Innovation
Rebellion
Religious/Spiritual

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Conformity

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Following the accepted path to achieve the culturally accepted goal (yes goals, yes means)

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Ritualism

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"Goes through the motions" but has given up on the goals (no goals, yes means)

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Innovation

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You still want the same traditional goals but you do not have access to the means (ex. shoplifters, drug dealers) want to appear successful even though they are not (yes goals, no means)

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Rebellion

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Someone who has rejected the goals but hasn't just given up, they have replaced it with something different (no goals, no means)

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Goal is religious success

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Instead of financial success (don't accept or reject goals, new means)

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Interactionist perspectives

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The perspective focuses on how people from the same structural groups and same subcultures can turn out so differently. Interactionists fill this void by looking in a more micro way at people's everyday life and behaviors

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Labeling Theory

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Deviance comes from the label and label leads to more deviance

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Control theories

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Assume that delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken

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4 elements of socials bonds

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Attachment, Involvement, Commitment, and Belief

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Attachment Bonds

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We are attached to others, we do not want to mess up our relationships or disappoint others

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Commitment Bonds

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More about our bonds to institutions or activities. Committed to getting a college education, sports teams, extracurricular activities, or jobs may prevent deviance. You don't want to mess up your institution or activity with deviance

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Involvement Bonds

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Your bond to time, involvement is the time you spend in conventional activities. For example, all the time you spend at work is time you are not spending out getting in trouble

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Belief

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Your bond/connection to conventional beliefs like "stealing is wrong"

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Official Data

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Homicide rates, overdoes rates

Strengths: Free/cheap, data overtime, large samples
Limitations: Accuracy, over reporting, under reporting, limited information

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Self-Report Surveys

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Strengths: Free/cheap, a lot of information, real information
Limitations: False answers, over reporting

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Qualitative methods

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Interviews, field research, and participant observation

Strengths: Free/cheap, lots of available survey data, large/rep. samples
Limitations: Response rates, expensive to conduct, understanding the questions, accuracy

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Things to consider when reading research

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How is the data collected? What does it include? Who is the sample? How are participants selected? Is the sample representative?

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Norm > Violation > Sanction

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Dress Code > not wearing the correct clothes > teacher reaction

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Formal sanction

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An action that is officially imposed against a group or organization to discourage its actions

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Informal sanction

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An individual action that's taken due to a perceived wrong

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Informal Agents

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Friend, sister, teammates

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Formal agent

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Someone who has authority (principle, parents, teachers)

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Positive reactions

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How people react to their punishments, in a positive and negative way

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Active

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Someone specifically doign a crime or something wrong

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How does social power affect reactions to deviance?

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Since social power creates the norms in our society, we act accordingly to how the majority thinks/acts. So for example we eat spaghetti with a fork because everyone knows that’s what you’re supposed to do. If someone were to eat with their hands, we would laugh at them because that’s no how our society tells us we should eat.

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Conflict Theory

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inequality (creation, application)

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Reactionist Approach

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There is general rule breaking & there is deviance only when the rules broken are caught

Primary deviance > label > secondary deviance (self-fulfilling prophecy)

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Durkheim says

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Deviance is pathological and that it provides to the normal functioning of society

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Erikson says

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The parentheses shift outwards (like gay marriage as it becomes more common)

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Social Power Perspective

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Those who dominate decide what is deviant

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Social Power 4 box cylce

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Create definitions, apply definitions (labeling), development of patterns in relation to the crime, construction of the ideology (public perception)

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Why Moral Panics Don't Occur

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Lack of media attention (can't be stumbled upon), invisible issue, lack of technology, centered in a certain agency

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What you need for a successful moral panic

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Existing ideas: foundation, a clear, comprehensible story for access to the public, and a plausible solution/outcome

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Merton's Strain Theory

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Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebllion

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Differential Association

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Criminal behavior is learned, learned by interactions with others, occurs in intimate personal groups, techniques and motives