Socio 1 Lecture Exam 01

Front 1

What are the thee sociological approaches?

Back 1

-Structure Functionalism perspective
-Social Conflict perspective
-Symbolic interactionism / Social Constructionism perspective

Front 2

Which sociological approaches are micro, which are macro?

Back 2

functionalist & conflict perspective are macro;
interactionist perspective is micro.

Front 3

What are some facts about the functionalist perspective?

Back 3

-Everything that exists in society has a purpose
-society has parts, parts are interdependent

Front 4

Name the social theorists who were functionalist:

Back 4

-Herbert Spencer
-Emile Durkheim
-August Comte
-Talcott Parsons
-Robert Merton

Front 5

Who said "society is like the human body?"

Back 5

Herbert Spencer

Front 6

Who was the first functionalist?

Back 6

August Comte

Front 7

Who founded sociology?

Back 7

August Comte

Front 8

Who theorized that social statics and social dynamics necessary to a healthy society:

Back 8

August Comte

Front 9

Who coined the term "survival of the fittest" or social Darwinism?

Back 9

Herbert Spencer

Front 10

In functionalism, outline the process when one part fails:

Back 10

failure → stress/pressure → imbalance → change → equilibrium (restoration of balance)

Front 11

Who was the first to write a sociological journal?

Back 11

Emile Durkheim

Front 12

Who was the first to conduct a scientific study in sociology?

Back 12

Emile Durkheim (it was on suicide)

Front 13

Who was the first to examine socio class in Europe?

Back 13

Emile Durkheim

Front 14

Who pushed the importance of collecting "social facts?"

Back 14

Emile Durkheim

Front 15

Who wrote "Rules of the Sociological Method?"

Back 15

Emile Durkheim

Front 16

Who wrote "Division of Labor in Society?"

Back 16

Emile Durkheim

Front 17

Who coined the term solidarity a.k.a social integration?

Back 17

Emile Durkheim

Front 18

What are the two types of solidarity?

Back 18

mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity

Front 19

describe mechanical solidarity:

Back 19

-exists in pre-industrialized society
-role diversification ("Jack of all trades")

Front 20

describe organic solidarity:

Back 20

-exists in post-industrialized society
-era of specialization

Front 21

Which type of solidarity did Durkheim think led to increased risk of anomie?

Back 21

Organic solidarity. He theorized that as workers became more specialized, they shared fewer common experiences, ideas, and values.

Front 22

Anomie a.k.a.?

Back 22

normlessness

Front 23

Who is called the "Grand Theorist?"

Back 23

Talcott Parsons

Front 24

Who brought Max Weber's ideas to the U.S.?

Back 24

Talcott Parsons

Front 25

Who translated Max Weber's "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?"

Back 25

Talcott Parsons

Front 26

Who came up with the "Grand Thory?"

Back 26

Talcott Parsons

Front 27

The Grand Theory =

Back 27

system of action

Front 28

What are the four systems of Action?

Back 28

1) Cultural system
2) Social system
3) Behavior system
4) Natural Science system

Front 29

Describe the Social System of the System of Action:

Back 29

The social system includes role interaction: how we act & react to one another. These are called Pattern Variables.

Front 30

Define Pattern Variables:

Back 30

Predicted and expected behaviors dictated by the system.

Front 31

What are the three pattern variables?

Back 31

1) ascription → achievement → qualities about the person
2) diffuseness → specificity → range of expectations
3) affectivity → neutrality → emotional investment.

Front 32

Give an example of each pattern variable:

Back 32

1) ascription → achievement: Describes inherent qualities that often govern an individual's life course or changes vs. what the individual achieves in life.
2) diffuseness → specificity: Describes the depth of obligation in a relationship; ie. fiancee is expected to drive you to appointment if car breaks down, but professor is not.
3) affectivity → neutrality: Describes the amount of emotion that is appropriate; eg. the emotions of a nurse vs. a mother in the presence of a sick child

Front 33

Who was Talcott Parson's student at Harvard?

Back 33

Robert K. Merton

Front 34

Who was called the "Middle Range" theorist?

Back 34

Robert K. Merton

Front 35

Who came up with the concept of dysfunction?

Back 35

Robert K. Merton

Front 36

Dysfunction decreases:

Back 36

adaptation within the system.

Front 37

The intended planned outcome; consequence or purpose of something in society:

Back 37

Manifest Function

Front 38

The unplanned, unintended outcome, consequence, or purpose of something in society:

Back 38

Latent Function

Front 39

Manifest Function, Latent Function, and Functional Alternatives are concepts theorized by:

Back 39

Robert K. Merton

Front 40

A term of diversity; an acknowledgement that there are a variety of options available that will and can fulfill similar purposes in society.

Back 40

Functional Alternatives

Front 41

Who theorized the concept of Functional Alternatives?

Back 41

Robert K. Merton

Front 42

Name the Social Conflict theorists:

Back 42

-Karl Marx
-Frederick Engles
-W.E.B. Du Bois
-C. Wright Mills
-Harriet Martineau
-Jane Adams

Front 43

What sociologists were reformers?

Back 43

-Harriet Martineau
-Jane Adams
-W.E.B Du Bois

Front 44

Who theorized that society is made up of two classes: the bourgeoisie and proletariat?

Back 44

Karl Marx

Front 45

Who applied Social Conflict theory to the family?

Back 45

Frederick Engles

Front 46

Who applied Social Conflict theory to racism?

Back 46

W.E.B Du Bois

Front 47

Who thought that Sociologists should do more than study, they should reform?

Back 47

W.E.B Du Bois

Front 48

Who co-founded the NAACP?

Back 48

W.E.B Du Bois

Front 49

Who wrote the "Philadelphia Negro Study?"

Back 49

W.E.B Du Bois

Front 50

Who spoke out against Black inferiority and segregation?

Back 50

W.E.B Du Bois

Front 51

Who coined the term "Double Consciousness?"

Back 51

W.E.B Du Bois

Front 52

Who coined the term "the Talented Tenth?"

Back 52

W.E.B Du Bois

Front 53

Who applied the Social Conflict Theory towards politics?

Back 53

C. Wright Mills

Front 54

Who coined the term: "power elite?"

Back 54

C. Wright Mills

Front 55

Who coined the term: "Sociological Imagination?"

Back 55

C. Wright Mills

Front 56

Who translated Comte to English?

Back 56

Harriet Martineau

Front 57

Who wrote "Society in America?"

Back 57

Harriet Martineau

Front 58

Harriet Martineau focused on:

Back 58

Power and inequality

Front 59

Harriet Martineau advocated for:

Back 59

-anti-slavery
-factor workers
-Women's rights

Front 60

Who was a trained social worker?

Back 60

Jane Adams

Front 61

Who won the Nobel Peace prize?

Back 61

Jane Adams

Front 62

Who founded the Hull house in Chicago?

Back 62

Jane Adams

Front 63

What are the 3 premises of Symbolic Interactionism?

Back 63

A) people act towards things on the basis of meanings they have for those things.
B) Meanings come from social interactions.
C) Meanings for things can be modified through experience.

Front 64

Name the elements of culture:

Back 64

-Beliefs
-Norms
-Values
-Language

Front 65

Conceptions about reality that people understand to be true.

Back 65

Beliefs

Front 66

Standard conduct.

Back 66

Norms

Front 67

How many types of norms are there?
What are they?
Explain each:

Back 67

8;
-Ideal Norms: Model; standard
-Real Norms: Actual pattern
-Proscriptive Norms: Tell what NOT to do
-Prescriptive Norms: Tell what TO do
-Mores: Serious rules
-Folkways: Non-Serious rules
-Explicit Norms(aka Formal Norms): written down or taught directly
-Implicit Norms(aka Informal Norms): Unspoken norms

Front 68

Who coined the terms Mores and Folkways?

Back 68

W.G. Sumner

Front 69

Who wrote about "American Values?"

Back 69

Robin Williams

Front 70

What are the American Values?

Back 70

-Democracy & Freedom
-Racism & Group Superiority
-Equal Opportunity
-Achievement & Success (get what you deserve)
-Activity/Work (old and young aren't as valued)
-Material Comfort
-Science (rationality supersedes emotionality)
-Practicality/Efficiency
-Humanitarianism
-Progress

Front 71

A system of symbols with standard meanings - allows communication.

Back 71

Language

Front 72

Theory that the language you speak affects cognition.

Back 72

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis or Sapir-Worph Hypothesis

Front 73

The application of cultural knowledge to the challenge of living in a physical world. (things we create)

Back 73

Technology

Front 74

A cultural pattern that differs from the dominant culture in some distinctive way.

Back 74

Subculture

Front 75

A subculture that consciously rejects or differs from the dominant group.

Back 75

Counter-Culture

Front 76

Two terms that relate to diversity:

Back 76

-Ethnocentrism
&
-Cultural Relativity

Front 77

The practice of evaluating another culture's behavior using YOUR own cultural standards.

Back 77

Ethnocentrism

Front 78

Practice of evaluating another culture's behavior using THE OBSERVED culture's standards.

Back 78

Cultural Relativity

Front 79

Who coined the term "Cultural Lag?"

Back 79

William Ogburn

Front 80

How people act & react to each other.

Back 80

Social Interaction

Front 81

What are some element of Social Interaction?

Back 81

Status & Role

Front 82

Socially defined position held in relation to another.

Back 82

Status

Front 83

Behavior (quality) attached to the social position (status).

Back 83

Role

Front 84

What are the types of statuses?

Back 84

-Status Set
-Ascribed Status
-Achieved Status
-Master Status

Front 85

All the positions that an individual holds at the same time.

Back 85

Status Set

Front 86

Unearned, involuntary position.

Back 86

Ascribed Status

Front 87

Earned, voluntary position.

Back 87

Achieved Status

Front 88

Position that holds most importance to identity.

Back 88

Master Status

Front 89

How many different types of roles are there? What are they?

Back 89

6;
-Role Expectations
-Role Pairs
-Role Set
-Role Strain
-Role Exit
-Role Conflict

Front 90

Presumed behaviors attached to the social position.

Back 90

Role expectations

Front 91

Behaviors that are dependent on another for completion.

Back 91

Role Pairs

Front 92

All the behaviors attached to ONE status.

Back 92

Role Set

Front 93

Who came up with the concept of the Role Set?

Back 93

Merton

Front 94

The incompatibility among roles attached to ONE status.

Back 94

Role Strain

Front 95

Incompatibility among roles attached to two or more statuses.

Back 95

Role Conflict

Front 96

The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.

Back 96

Role exit