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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Looks at situation when people are going to have their bx change; continuum deals with coercision- how much effect/ force is on the individual
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Social influences
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With social incfluences, decrease level of coercision is _____, moderate level of coercision is _____ and increased levels is _______
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Conformitity
Complience Obediance |
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Change in bx due to real or imagined group pressure; must feel pressure; just b/c people are doing the same thing doesn't mean that this happens
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Conformity
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Conformity reason:
Public complience; going along with group publically, but internally, they don't feel like what their doing is the right thing; when you do something not to stick out; peer pressure |
Normative influence
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Private acceptance; privately internalize the change; this is right b/c of this...
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Information influence
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Sherif wanted to look at confomity using the
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auto-kinetic effect
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Asch used to _____ test to look at conformity
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line test
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Factors that influenced conformity effect; Group factors:
Increase level of conformity with higher levels of this; can get it from normative and informational |
Cohesiveness
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Factors that influenced conformity effect; Group factors:
_____ groups get more conformity up to about 6-8 people; i.e. 6 more than 4, 4 more than 2... |
Size; larger
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Factors that influenced conformity effect; Group factors:
Feel much more comfortable when most the group makes the same decision together |
unanamous
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Factors that influenced conformity effect:responce factor:
_____(increased levels of conformity) more than _____; private is possible-can conform; but a lot more for public |
public more than private
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Factors that influenced conformity effect:responce factor:
you don't want to change; don't want to look like you have surcome to peer pressure |
Prior commitment
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Factors that influenced conformity effect:responce factor: how comfortable do you feel in an environment; culture is a factor-cross-culture-levels of conformity are fairly present - but- some cultures have very high levels of conformity (like ones who cut off your hand for stealing)
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Person factor
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This is not imagined, verbal; still has a choice in the manner
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Compliance
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Compliance technique:
Are asking for a very small request, but really want more; works well b/c once they give to schema, don't like to change it; this only works if you can get ind to go along with 1st request |
Foot-in-the-door
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Compliance technique:
Ask for outlandish request ---> denied ---> then come back for a small request. A good example of this are auctions |
Door-in-the-face
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Compliance technique:
We liek things when they are scarce; i.e. antiques |
Playing hard to get
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Obedience:
"shock"; how far would poeple go? studiend by |
Milgram
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Obedience study:
Heart and begging/ screaming... results = |
100% to 300V
67% to 450V |
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Obedience study:
If you have conformity with study like someone says "I won't go on." |
Group influence; 450 V went down to 10%
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We have an amazing ____ obedience to authority figures
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blind
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Characteristic of an autority figure:
Actually in the room |
Physical presence
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Characteristic of an autority figure:
DO they have right to make the request that they are making; place of authority (this made a little differnece) |
Legitamacy
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Characteristic of subject that are associated with high levels of obediance:
Believe that people in charge have the right to make a request and think that it is our job to go along with the request |
Belief in authoritative submissiveness
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Characteristic of subject that are associated with high levels of obediance:
So many religions teach obedience |
Deeply religious people
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Characteristic of subject that are associated with high levels of obediance:
Ind. with _____ locus of control; this is becuase authority figures are _____ influences |
External
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Lower levels of obediance by
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having knowledge of Milgrim's research
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Intent to physcially or verbally harm someone who is motivated to avoid such treatment or the distruction of property when motivated by anger
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Aggression
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Type of aggression:
Intent to harm, goal to harm, done out of anger |
Hostile
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Intent to harm, goal is to get something, not done out of anger
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Instrumental
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General affect aggression:
Variables that have to do with external |
Situational Input Variables
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General affect aggression:
Situational Input Variables: ____ often leads to aggression and aggression often leads to ________ |
Frustration
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General affect aggression:
Situational Input Variables: Psychologic state of mind; character by membership in a larg group; lose of self-awareness; can't be picked out; "mob" mentality; i.e. trick-or-treaters can't be identified and in large group |
Deindividuation
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General affect aggression:
Situational Input Variables: Bandura or through intrumental learning |
Modeling
Observation learning (attend, recall, able, motivated) |
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General affect aggression:
Situational Input Variables: Person, place or thing that is consistantly paired with or associated with aggresision; i.e. Weapons effect research = shock someone more in presence of ______ |
Aggressive cue
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General affect aggression:
Situational Input Variables: Incidents that are unwanted |
Acersive incidents
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Acersive incidents:
a. a lot of people b. done something on purpose c. uncomfortable d. when this is unwanted |
a. crowd
b. provocation c. heat d. noise |
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General affect aggression model: Personal input variables:
Freud; hardwired to act in aggressive fashion; inborn predisposition |
Instinct
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General affect aggression model: Personal input variables:
Like testosterone |
Hormones
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General affect aggression model: Personal input variables:
Males are more aggressive than females (physically) |
Gender
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General affect aggression model: Personal input variables:
Highly identified with group will resond in aggressive fashion |
Group identification
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General affect aggression model: Personal input variables:
This always facilites aggression |
Alcohol
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General affect aggression model: Personal input variables:
Increased levels = respond aggressively |
Pain
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In Frued's instinct theory:
is the life/ preservation instinct |
eros
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In Frued's instinct theory:
_____ is the death/ distraction instinct |
thantos
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In Frued's instinct theory:
release of aggression through aggression |
Catharsis
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Release of aggression through our own aggression; actions are doing soemthing violent
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Aggression
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Release of aggression through watching violent action of others
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Symbolic
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Why do males show to be more physically aggressive?
a. = male is teh aggresser b. = roles for men and women |
Biological
Cultural |
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The three psychological states that situation and person affect:
1. 2. 3. |
1. Arousal
2. Affective State 3. Cognition |
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1. Intensisifies emotional responce
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Arousal
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Like misattributed arousal, but with aggression; i.e. when they watched a scary movie, then watched funny movie; the funny movie became funnier with increased arousal
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Excitation Transfer Theroy
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Only type of porn that really showed increase in violence was
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violent-aggressive porn; but showed the same increase as violent movies
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2. This is when we are angry, grumpy
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Affective state
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This states that frustration doesn't lead to aggression without an negative affect (angry/ grumpy)
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Cognitive neo-association theory
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3. Around certain people/ mindset will open up schema and maybe increase our identification
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Cognition priming
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Now, arousal, affective state and cognition priming have a direct inpact on ______
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aggression
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This is the last thing that shows if we act aggressively or not; i.e. You want to beat someone up, but there is a cop nearby and you can't
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Appraisal of environment
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Any type of bx that is benifical to another person or society; i.e. 3 miles of highway free of trash
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Prosocail bx
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Selfless helping; helping person in need just to help them; there is no other motive involved; hard to measure
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Altruism
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When we see someone in need, we can focus on distress of victum or distress of ourselves
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Empathy-altruism hypothesis
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Options for reducing stress according to the empathy-altrumis hypothesis
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1. Focus on them (help them out)
2. Focus on us (could either help or escape) |
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According to Batson, when we feel empathy, we tend to be focued on the person _____ and then we help them out
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Distress/ needs
Autruism |
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Empathy-altruism hypothesis: The situation where the subjects helped out that was so interesting was ___ empathy, ____ eascape
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High, high
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E-A-H:
1. Do you feel empathy Yes = No = |
yes = help
no = escape easy |
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E-A-H:
2. Is escape easy Yes = No = |
yes = no help
no = help |
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State that we don't do autruism, only focus on ourselves
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Negative State relief (egotistic)
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Wanted to figure out if the "help" in teh E-A-H was due to autrism or becasues of our own distress; found that high emp and easy escape didn't equal help when put in a differnt situation
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N-S-R
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Question 1 of N-S-R:
Feel distressed? Yes = No = |
yes = escape easy?
no = no help |
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Question 2 of N-S-R:
Escape easy: Yes = No = |
Yes = no help
No = Can I relieve my distress without helping (party) |
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Question 3 of N-S-R:
Can i relieve my distress without helping: yes = No = |
Yes = No help
No = Will helping relieve my distress |
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Question 4 of N-S-R:
Will helping relieve my distress? Yes = No = |
Yes = help
No = no help |
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Helping is not simply a function of feel empathy and not desire to relieve our own distress; helping in not about getting rid of something bad, but experiencing something good like "joy" We feel good when we help
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Empathic joy egoistic theory
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Other two theories (E-A-H and N-S-R) is about relieveing distress the E-J-E is about ______
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feeling/ gaining something good; so will not have escapes
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E-A-H = empathy isn't _____ but ______
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necessary
sufficient |
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E-J-E = empathy is _____ but not ______
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necessary
sufficent |
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Question 1 to E.J.E:
Feel empathy? yes = no = |
Yes = provide feedback
no = no help |
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Question 2 to E.J.E:
Provide feedback yes = no = |
Yes = help
no = no help |
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Feedback in the E.J.E is ____ or examples like pictures, letters...
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Joy
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Pass off responsibility to act onto other people
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Diffusion of responsibility
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Model prosocial bx; it is possible
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Modeling
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WHen poeple are in a hurry, they are _____ likely to help out someone
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Far less likely
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Type of culture norms:
Give and take; you help me, i'll help you |
Reciprocity norm
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Type of culture norms:
Above and beyond reciprocity norm; this is saying that it is your "job" |
Socail responsibility norm
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Characteristics of the helper:
The more ____ the person is, the more likely they are to help; if this is unresolved, will help out regardless of cause |
Guilt
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Characteristics of the helper:
Help people we feel similar to |
Similarity
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Characteristics of the helper:
Good, neg and neutral; pos and neg show increase help tendencies |
Mood
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Characteristics of the helper:
Women help everyone; don't care about gender; men do not help other men - only women |
Gender
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WHen the person is in a positive or happy mood and they help out someone, they are doing ...
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Mood maintance
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When people are in negative mood and they help out someone, they are doing...
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Mood repair
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How groups have direct performance
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Influence of groups
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Triplette first studied this with ____ and found that audiences enhance performance (not all the way true)
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Bicylist; Socail facilitation theory
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Zanjonc Socail Facilitation theory:
1. audiences are ____ 2. arousal leads to _____ responce 3. will do better if you are dominatenly ____ and worse if you are dominently _____ |
Arousal
Dominate GOod/bad |
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Why are audiences arousing?
Concerned about how we are being judged |
Evaluation apprehension
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Why are audiences arousing?
simply being in the presence of an audience |
Mere presence
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Why are audiences arousing?
Audiences can pull us away, cognitive work arouses us |
Distraction
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Why are audiences arousing?
How much is the audience in the head of the preformer? combination of the 3 effects |
Psychological presence
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When a group is together, they will make riskier decisions (not ture)
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Risky shift
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Enhancement of individual tendencies when placed into a group of SIMILAR others; can go either way on spectrum
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Group polarization
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Just going along with the group b/c they don't want to stick out
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Normative influence
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Gathering info and actually changing mind
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Informational influence
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