Social Psychology - Remainder For Final

Front 1

Stereotypes

Back 1

Beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups

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Prejudice

Back 2

A negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members

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Discrimination

Back 3

Unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group

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Modern racism (symbolic racism)

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Prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs

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Implicit Association Test (IAT)

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A technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups

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Priming

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A procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema (for example, a stereotype)

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Realistic Group Conflict Theory

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A theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

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Ethnocentrism

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Glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups

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Superordinate goals

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Goals that transcend the interests of one individual group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together

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Minimal group paradigm

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An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these “minimal groups” are inclined to behave toward one another

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Social identity theory

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A theory that a person’s self-concept and self-esteem not only derive from personal identity and accomplishments, but from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs

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Basking in reflected glory

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The tendency to take pride in the accomplishments of those with whom we are in some way associated (even if it is only weakly), as when fans identify with a winning team

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Frustration-aggression theory

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The theory that frustration leads to aggression

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Outgroup homogeneity effect

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The tendency to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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Acting in a way that tends to produce the very behavior we expected in the first place, as when we act toward members of certain groups in ways that encourage the very behavior we expect from them

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Illusory correlation

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An erroneous belief about a connection between events, characteristics, or categories that are not in fact related

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Paired distinctiveness

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The paring of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they co-occur

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Subtyping

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Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotypes by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole

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Controlled processes

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Processes that occur with conscious direction and deliberate thought

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Automatic processes

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Processes that occur outside of our awareness, without conscious control

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Stereotype threat

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The fear that we will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient group of which we are a member

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Hostile aggression

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Behavior intended to harm another, either physically or psychologically, and motivated by feelings of anger and hostility

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Instrumental aggression

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Behavior intended to harm another in the service of motives other than pure hostility (for example, to attract attention, to acquire wealth, or to advance political and ideological causes)

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Frustration

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The internal state that accompanies the thwarting of an attempt to achieve some goal

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Learned helplessness

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Passive and depressed responses that individuals show when their goals are blocked and they feel that they have no control over their outcomes

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Culture of honor

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A culture that is defined by its members’ strong concerns about their own and others’ reputations, leading to sensitivity to slights and insults and a willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived wrong or insult

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Rape-prone cultures

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Cultures in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, and as a threat against women so that they will remain subservient to men

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Inclusive fitness

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The evolutionary tendency to look out for ourselves, our offspring, and our close relatives together with their offspring so that our genes will survive

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Altruism

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Unselfish behavior that benefits others without regard to consequences for the self

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Social rewards

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Benefits like praise, positive attention, tangible rewards, honors, and gratitude that may be gained from helping others

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Experienced distress

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A motive for helping those in distress that may arise from a need to reduce our own distress

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Empathic concern

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Identifying with another person—feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing—accompanied by the intention to help the person in need

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Bystander intervention

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Helping a victim of an emergency by those who have observed what is happening. Bystander intervention is generally reduced as the number of observers increases, as each individual feels that someone else will probably help

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Diffusion of responsibility

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A reduction of a sense of urgency to help someone involved in an emergency or dangerous situation under the assumption that others who are also observing the situation will help

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Kin selection

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The tendency for natural selection to favor behaviors that increase the chances of survival of genetic relatives

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Reciprocal altruism

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The tendency to help others with the expectation that they are likely to help us in return at some future time

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Tit-for-tat strategy

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A strategy in which the individual’s first move is cooperative and thereafter the individual mimics the other person’s behavior, whether cooperative or competitive

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Social facilitation

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Initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; now a broader term for the effect—positive or negative—of the presence of others on performance

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Dominant response

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In a hierarchy of responses, the response you are most likely to make

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Evaluation apprehension

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A concern about how we appear in the eyes of others—that is, about being evaluated

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Distraction-conflict theory

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A theory based on the idea that being aware of another person’s presence creates a conflict between attending to that person and attending to the task at hand and that it is this attentional conflict that is arousing and that produces social facilitation effects

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Social loafing

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The tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributors cannot be monitored

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Emergent properties of groups

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Those behaviors that only surface (“emerge”) when people are in groups

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Deindividuation

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The reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that comes over people when they are in a large group

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Individuation

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An enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self, which generally leads people to act carefully and deliberately and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values

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Self-awareness theory

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A theory that maintains that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values

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Spotlight effect

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People’s conviction that other people are attending to them—to their appearance and behavior—more than is actually the case

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Groupthink

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A kind of faulty thinking on the part of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand s subverted by social pressures to reach consensus

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Self-censorship

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The tendency to withhold information or opinions in group discussions

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Risky shift

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The tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would

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Group polarization

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The tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals. Whatever way the individuals are leaning, group discussion tends to make them lean further in that direction

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Social comparison theory

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A theory that maintains that when there isn’t an objective standard of evaluation or comprehension, people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others