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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the influences on interpersonal attraction? (5)
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- your personality
- your behavior - other's personality and behavior - similarities and differences - situation/context |
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Our like or dislike of another person is determined by ______
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- our emotions - how they make us feel
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What is an underlying factor in attraction?
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anything that affects how we feel.
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What does the research say about the relationship between positive and negative emotions?
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- that we should consider them as separate dimensions, because there is different brain chemistry involved.
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What is the implications of the research on the relationship between positive and negative emotions?
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- it suggests that one can increase without the other one decreasing.
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Emotions can affect attraction in which ways? (3)
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- person says or does something that creates an emotional response
- person is present when we feel good or bad - generally, we feel better about those whom we meet in pleasant circumstances. |
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What is the best 'opening line'?
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- one that is direct. It is better received than innocuous which is better received than flippant.
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Describe indirect effects of attraction based on classical conditioning principles.
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- pair netural stimulus (new person) with a pleasant event
- pair strangers photos with subliminal photos (pleasant or unpleasant) - ratings of strangers were influenced - feelings about one person can become generalized to include others from the group as well. |
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Cognitive Skills Feedback Study
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- male participants
- given test of cognitive skills and then false feedback - some told they had compared well, others not - those given positive feedback made positive conversation afterwards in waiting room; those given negative feedback were silent or talked about innocuous topics. |
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Zajonc et al (1995) study 1
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- had participants rate Chineese characters
- assumed that among participants they would be unfamiliar - would present one at a time. Some reappeared 3 times, others just once - Ps liked best those that appeared most often - Mere exposure effect |
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Zajonc et al (1995) study 2
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- participants presented with photo of face (happy or angry), shown subliminally or visibly
- Emotional priming effect - but only influenced if shown subliminally - participants don't like having opinions manipulated - |
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Pentoni Study
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- students had information about two candidates
- only one had positive description - the other one had really positive descriptions, with one negative one that was refuted - that single negative allegation led to many negative ideas |
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Ottati et al (1996)
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- effects of mood greatest when we are relatively uninformed
- manipulated mood, and then evaluate candidate - showed that defense against emotion is perhaps to become more knowledgable |
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likelihood of acquaintance depends on: (3)
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- need for affiliation (NfA)
- frequency of encounter - observable characteristics |
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1930's researcher named Murray suggested that...
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our need for affiliation led us to socialize more, have more friendships
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Hill (1987)
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Four basic motives for affiliating:
- need for positive stimulation - need for social support - need for attention - social comparision |
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Schacter (1959)
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- fear/anxiety leads to desire to affiliate
- told some participants that they would receive painful electric shocks - told others that shocks would be mild - would they like to wait alone, or with others? - if not, they said "alone" or "didn't care" - those expecting pain said "with others" |
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Why do people who are frightened or anxious want to be around other anxious people?
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- proposed explanation of social comparison. We seek others out in order to talk about what's going on.
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Patients in Hospital Bypass Surgery study
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Assigned roommate
- heart surgery or other - measured anxiety coming from the surgery. How anxious do they feel and can that anxiety be mitigated by roommate who is either going through surgery or who successfully got through - greatest benefit when roommate had been through similar type of surgery - emotional, cognitive clarity decreases anxiety and promotes earlier release |
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Why do we base our judgments on social comparisons?
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because we are often without objective criteria for our judgments.
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Research study at CMU - Feedback
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- participants provided people with positive or negative feedback about themselves: last year we told people after filling out a personal profile that they could partner up with someone.
- If given positive feedback then wanted to associate with CMU, non CMU , other college - if given negative feedback then only wanted to associate with CMU class. - under threat, people like to compare ourselves and affiliate with those who are near us |
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MIT Friendship Complex Study
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- studied 17 apartment buildings on campus
- 10 suites in each building - residence in suites were assigned at random - nearly all were strangers when they moved in - researchers went around and named the three best friends in the housing complex. Ps named as friends people from the same building - Propinquity effects within each building, too. |
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Segal Study
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- studied friendships among police trainees
- best predictor of friendship? - 1st letter of surname - throughout training, seated alphabetically - effect works via familiarity, mere exposure |
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Female Accomplice Study
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- F accomplices attended large U campuses
- no interaction, just sat in front row - varied frequency of attendance - end of semester, rest of students shown photo of young woman who had been in the class, asked to rank the person - Discovered that familiarity produces positive feelings produces liking |
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Hatfield Study:
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- matched students together for blind date
- had been given students intelligence tests. But were paired randomly - by end of evening, Hatfield had participants evaluate first date, indicate if they would like to go out again sometime - personality measures didn't matter at all. The only variable that correlated was the physical appearance of date, no gender difference |
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University of Saskatchewan study:
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- Fs ranked photos of Ms, varying in attractiveness, with personality descriptions
- rated based on who they would be most likely to have a relationship with - Attractive males won out - best predictor of choices - some F raters hooked up to "lie detector" - idea being that if unaware of emphasis on looks, should respond to others - if unwilling to, should confess bias - Those who were hooked up to a lie detector admitted that their judgments were based on looks. |
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What features are attractive in females? (5)
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- large eyes
- cheekbones - small chin - small nose - big smile |
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For Males (4)
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- large eyes
- cheekbones - large chin - big smile |
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Is attractiveness similar across cultures?
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- remarkable agreement on what faces are rated most attractive
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Langlois and Roggman
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- average features most attractive
- merged photos of faces - when we merge people's facial features we end up with compose face that is seen as attractive - faces judged most attractive were those most broadly averaged |
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Why should the average face be most attractive?
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- probably goes back to mere exposure
- average face seen as most familiar or typical |
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Kendrick Study:
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- showed pictures of extremely attractive people, then photos of stangers
- Ps then rated the strangers as less attractive - contrast effect |
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Constrast Effect Self Perception Study
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Contrast effect may affect self-perception
- Ps completed survey in small room with bare walls, or with posters of models - Both Ms and Fs rated selves as less attractive, lower in SE, when surrounded by models - higher in anxiety though |
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Bar Study:
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- bar patrons rated one another at 9pm, 10:30pm, etc.
- ratings of opposite-sex patrons increased over time |
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Why do good-looking people tend to have the social advantage?
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- attractive people receive a lot of attention from others, from an early point in their lives
- if you receive a lot of positive attention, you get to practice those social skills - self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Senior Photo Study
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- asked student and seniors to judge F photos
- regardless of age, participants attributed more positive qualities to the more attractive models - for senior Ms, more positive qualities were attributed to younger models - for them, what is beautiful and young is especially good |
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North America/Korea Attractiveness Study
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- Ps in North America and Korea believed attractive people were more socially skilled, friendly, better-adjusted
Differences: N.A. - strong, assertive. Korea: trustworthy, concerned for others - culturally appropriate traits |
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What are the two initial factors for meeting friends?
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- important that we are both in a good mood when we meet
- important that we both want to affiliate |
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What are the two choices in friendship involving communication?
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- similarities
- positive evaluations of the other |
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most times, _____, not _____ attract
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similarities, opposites
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Newcomb Study
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- asked students about backgrounds, fields of study, opinions
- asked to periodically name friends Results: - propinquity predicted initial acceptance - over time, demographic similarity, similar interests and values predicted friendships - |
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Rosenbalm Repulsion hypothesis
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- similar attitudes matter little
- we expect others to agree with us - dissimilar attitudes matter - we're repulsed by people who differ |
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Why do we react strongly to dissimilar opinions?
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- False consensus effect: disagreement is surprising and stands out in memory
- We rely on others for validation and look for self-verification (social comparison) - also, if others agree with us we are more likely to get along |
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Reciprocal Liking Disagreement Study
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- F interviewed M on basic attitudes
- Made it clear she disagreed with him - but if she listened intently, made eye contract, leaned forward toward participant, Ms ranked her highly - Key factor in our liking of others - our belief that they like us |
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Reciprocal Liking Results Study
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- experimenter led participants to believe that their partner anticipated liking them, or not
- those who thought their partners liked them disclosed more, disagreed less, spoke more pleasantly - and partners did like them more |
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Define interdependence
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- consistent, mutual influence
- focus thoughts, emotions on each other - do things together |
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What were the results of a survey with college students asking to whom they felt close?
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- Romantic Partner - 50%
- Best friend - 33% - Family member - 10% |
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Describe Bowlby's attachment theory
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- infants develop two working models (expectations of people, relationships)
- 1st working model of self (self-esteem) - valued and loved, or unimportant, uncared for |
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Bowlby's three attachment styles
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- secure
- Insecure-avoidant - insecure-ambivalent |
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secure
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- positive mood, greater empathy, high SE, positive interactions with adults
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avoidant
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- distant, even hostile relationships, resist seeking help from adults
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ambivalent
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- dependency, but with anger, non-compliance, lack of sociability, enthusiasm
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Becker and Becker (1994)
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- predicted infant attachment on mothers' behaviour
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Stewart et al (1998)
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4 types of adult sibling relationships
- caretaker - one as semi-parent - buddy - allies, especially re: parents - casual - friendly, but not close - loyal - based on responsibility 20% of adults say they haven't re-established a relationship - 1/2 of those say that they actively dislike their sibling |
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Shulman et al (1994)
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- 10 year olds at summer camp
- close friendships more common among those with secure attachment - secure adolescents most able to establish, maintain friendships |
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US survey on proportion of attachment models
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- 60% secure
- 25% avoidant - 10% ambivalent |
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Bartholemew
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- same dimensions key in adult interactions
- in combination, these define 4 adult attachment styles - regardless of own attachment style, most people prefer secure romantic relationship - preoccupied - emotional distress with conflict - avoidant - leave well-enough alone, withdraw from conflict - most securely attached, better GPA (more likely) |
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Kirkpatrick
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- our faith/religious belief is a function of our attachment style
- consider God as the ultimate attachment figure - safe haven in crisis, secure base - secure, avoidant, anxious - ambivalent relationships - permissive - more negative in attitude towards God - fearful - avoidant, preoccupied - respond more positively to God over time, find comfort in an all-accepting God - but these things can change over lifetime |
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Study of College Students' prayers
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- attachment anxiety associated with more petitionary prayers
- attachment avoidance associated with less colloquial, meditative - those with attachment anxiety or avoidance may compensate through greater religious involvement - insecure - emotion-based religiosity, sudden change - those without a romantic partner tend to be more active religiously, report affect-based relationship with God |
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Two types of love
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compassionate love - affection, intimacy
passionate love - infatuation, arousal, obsession, etc. |
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Steinberg's triangular theory of love
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- blend of 3 elements: intimacy (emotional bonding), passion (arousal, attraction), and commitment (rational decision for the short/long term
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Fehr
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- had students rate features of "love"
- trust hi, euphoria low, etc. - goes against stereotypes - compassionate elements are more important than passionate elements |
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Baldwin and Fehr
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- Consider attachment styles not as stable personality traits but as schemas
- may have schemas for different relationships - we learn lessons through relationship about self, others, lessons determine the ones we seek, quality |
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Social Exchange Theory
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- there are benefits to be had in love relationships
- economic models (emotional dollar); compare perceived rewards and costs, depends on what we believe we deserve, and on perceived chance of finding a more satisfying relationship - we're not out to get the most rewards - we seek equity; both contributing, both benefiting. Our balance should match our partners' |
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Evolutionary Psychology Approach (5)
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- basic test - 'fitness' measured by reproductive success; passing on genes
- behviour evolved to maximize success - M, F have different agendas, thus different behaviours - Fs - reproduction costly, consider carefully when, with, whom to reproduce - Ms - would to better to reproduce with as many Fs as possible - Fs find Ms who can supply resources - Ms find Fs who can reproduce successfully and men also respond to appearance, age, health |
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Indirect Research Approach (5)
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- Ms prefer younger mates, Fs prefer same age or older
- Ms value attractiveness - Fs self-esteem boosted by own appearance - Fs value ambition, industriousnesss - Ms self-esteem boosted by career success |
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Economic Gender Study
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- the greater Fs economic power, the more interest in Ms physical appearance
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Rusbult hypothesis
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- we must consider level of investment
- anything we put into a relationship that is lost if we leave it - tangible or no; could be emotional investment, money, children, etc - the greater our investment the less likely we will leave, even if dissatisfied - people who have been only mildly abused more likely to stay as well |
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Effect of adversity depends on (2)
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- its severity
- level of commitment |
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Lydon et al (1999)
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- studied romantic partners
- "purpose: evaluate computer matches" - participants completed portfolios, matches - then, threat (adversity) - very attractive other person chose YOU - rate that person - Lo commitment - rated very attractive - Hi - rated not so attractive |
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Study: write about a partner's faults
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- interested in narration of a partners' faults
- idealistic or realistic view of the partner? - Told participants to rate self, partner, ideal - found idealistic ratings of partner - greater idealism leads to greater satisfaction, enduring realtionships |
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Jealousy Study
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- study asked university students to think about a romantic relationship that they had been in
- what would be more upsetting (1) partner formed emotional attachment to someone else? (2) partner had sexual affair with someone else Finding: Ms - sexual infidelity; Fs emotional betrayal |
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2011 Jealousy Study
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- asked male and female relational partners where they would be distressed
- males said they would be okay if she cheated with a female, but only 22% if she cheated with guy - Fs 28% stay if cheated with woman. Fewer would stay if female partner cheated with male |
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What is jealousy in a relationship rooted in?
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- insecurity, low self-esteem
- behaviours of checking phone, checking to see if they go where they say they go, etc. common - with low self-esteem, relationship seems vulnerable - also common when we feel we are putting more into a relationship than a partner is - |
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How do males/females report jealousy?
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- males don't like to admit when they feel jealous. More often they get angry, often with selves, sometimes with partner, sometimes with perceived rival
- women tend to respond with depressive behaviours |
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Brehm
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- need to rid ourselves of idea that jealousy is a sign of "true love"
- jealousy is wishes of our own desires and self-interest rather than a commitment to a relationship - reduce connection between exclusivity and personal worth |
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3 elements of trust
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- predictability - consistency
- dependability - rely on partner for support - faith - expect care, responsiveness in future |
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Rusbult et al - dissatisfaction
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- some responses more constructive, others destructive
active and constructive - voice. active and destructive - exit passive and constructive - loyalty passive, destructive - neglect |
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How do people use these different ways of dealing with dissatisfaction?
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- Ms more likely to respond with neglect
- Fs more likely to respond with voice, loyalty - those with insecure attachments respond with exit, neglect - loyalty is often unnoticed, or misinterpreted as disinterest, neglect |
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(Males/Females) are more likely to suffer more depression as a result of a divorce
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males
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The divorce rate in Canada is _____ for every 1000 ppl
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220.7
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Ackert Study
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- studied responses of breakers, breakees, mutual
- breakees miserable, lonely, depressed, sad, angry, experienced physical illness - breakers much less upset, but guilt, sadness -mutual not upset or hurt, but experienced greater stress - the more into it we are the more stressed we feel later - more stress if the partner leaves us for another - some good news: even people who report significant distress report that time heals those wounds |
