Social Psychology Final

Front 1

focus on individuals in a group

Back 1

social psychology

Front 2

how individuals influence group

Back 2

social psychology

Front 3

how group influences individuals

Back 3

social psychology

Front 4

focus on the group as a whole

Back 4

sociology

Front 5

doesn't consider individuals

Back 5

sociology

Front 6

belief that others are paying attention to us more than they are

Back 6

spotlight effect

Front 7

Belief that our emotions are more visible to others than they really are

Back 7

illusion of transparency

Front 8

“Well of course I was mad! Couldn’t you tell? Wasn’t it obvious?!” No, not necessarily.

Back 8

illusion of transparency

Front 9

what we know and believe about ourselves

Back 9

self conept

Front 10

Our beliefs about ourselves (general) that shape how we think about ourselves, others, and our social environment

Back 10

self schema

Front 11

Evaluating our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others

Back 11

social comparison

Front 12

Those around us set the standard by which we evaluate ourselves

Back 12

social comparison

Front 13

“I’m awesome because I’m awesome-er than everyone else;” “I make a lot of money and I consider myself well off financially because those around me make less. I have money saved, and they do not;”

Back 13

social comparison

Front 14

what others think about us; how others see us

Back 14

social self

Front 15

sensory experiences of the world around us

Back 15

perception

Front 16

immediate interpretation of perceptions

Back 16

judgment

Front 17

clarifying perceptions and judgments; understanding

Back 17

explanation

Front 18

persistence of initial beliefs, despite contradictory evidence

Back 18

belief perseverence

Front 19

we hold onto our initial judgments of a situation; when people say first impressions are important, this is kind of why

Back 19

belief perseverence

Front 20

we overestimate how accurate our beliefs are

Back 20

overconfidence bias

Front 21

when certain associations in our memory are activated, and it influences our judgments and behavior

Back 21

priming

Front 22

assumption that someone belongs to a certain group, just because he or she looks like a typical member of that group

Back 22

representative heuristic

Front 23

considering something to be likely, just because it readily comes to our mind

Back 23

availability heuristic

Front 24

imagining the way a situation might have turned out, or could have turned out, but didn't

Back 24

counterfactual thinking

Front 25

tendency to see relationships that aren't really there, or see our relationships as being stronger than they are

Back 25

illusory thinking

Front 26

tendency to explain the behavior of others based on internal factors (personal qualities or characteristics), while failing to account for the influence of the situation

Back 26

fundamental attribution error

Front 27

a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically that is reflected in behavior

Back 27

attitude

Front 28

involves affect (feelings), behavior, cognition (ABCs of ....)

Back 28

attitude

Front 29

attempts to measure or assess attitude based on reaction time

Back 29

implicit association test

Front 30

increasing awareness of our own attitudes can make our attitudes and behavior more consistent

Back 30

attitude awareness

Front 31

the way in which individuals conduct themselves, especially towards others

Back 31

behavior

Front 32

a set of norms that define how individuals are supposed to act

Back 32

roles

Front 33

we want to appear consistent

Back 33

cognitive dissonance theory

Front 34

focuses on our common biology and behavior pattenrs

Back 34

evolutionary view

Front 35

focuses on our differences

Back 35

cultural view

Front 36

most cultures "require" that everyone is assigned a certain gender

Back 36

gender

Front 37

a sense of gender differs from birth gender

Back 37

transgender

Front 38

changing behavior or beliefs due to real or imagined social pressure

Back 38

conformity

Front 39

acting but not believing in it; doing what you believe you're supposed to do

Back 39

compliance

Front 40

following an order; acting a certain way because you have to

Back 40

obedience

Front 41

adjusting attitude and behavior so they are the same

Back 41

acceptance

Front 42

conformity more likely when the whole group is doing something

Back 42

unaminity

Front 43

conformity more likely when there is a high level of perceived cohesion in the group

Back 43

cohesion

Front 44

more likely to conform to those we perceive as having a higher status

Back 44

status

Front 45

mroe likely to conform when we make a commitment to whatever it is we're conforming to

Back 45

prior commitment

Front 46

the way in which a message causes changes in attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

Back 46

persuasion

Front 47

relies on facts, logic, and information to persuade

Back 47

central path

Front 48

works better when the individuals being persuaded are able to think about the message and its content

Back 48

central path

Front 49

works when individuals being persuaded are invested or interested in the topic

Back 49

central path

Front 50

relies on emotion, the senses and quick judgments to persuade

Back 50

peripheral path

Front 51

example: showing a specific type of beer being consumed on a beautiful beach

Back 51

peripheral path

Front 52

who is giving hte message

Back 52

communicator

Front 53

what is being communicated; can be logical or emotion-based depending on central or peripheral route

Back 53

message

Front 54

make a small request, person agrees, then make a larger one

Back 54

foot in the door

Front 55

make a large request, person disagrees, but it is then more likely to agree with a lesser request

Back 55

door in the face

Front 56

how the message is presented; face to face, television, social media, radio, billboard, etc.

Back 56

channel

Front 57

who is being persuaded; things to consider: are they knowledgeable? do they know an attempt to persuade is being made? age - adults tend to be more difficult to persuade, but this depends on the individual and the situation

Back 57

audience

Front 58

two or more individuals that interact and influence each other

Back 58

group

Front 59

audience effect; sometimes we perform better, sometimes worse; familiar tasks better; unfamiliar or difficult tasks worse

Back 59

social facilitation

Front 60

tendency of individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone

Back 60

social loafing

Front 61

go along with group regardless of activity or outcome; loss of individual awareness and self-evaluation

Back 61

deindividuation

Front 62

interacting with others affects the individual; sometimes it leads to change; sometimes it strengthsn what's already there

Back 62

interaction

Front 63

tendency of group decisions to be more extreme than those of individuals; group intensifies individual beliefs, attitudes and behaviors; group enhances tendencies of group members

Back 63

group polarization

Front 64

making irrational or dysfunctional decisions to maintain group harmony; doing something bad or stupid to to avoid conflicting with group members

Back 64

groupthink

Front 65

single group member with different views than the group influence the group to change its view

Back 65

minority influence

Front 66

preconceived negatie judgment about a group

Back 66

prejudice

Front 67

happens when an individual forms an opinion or comes to a conclusion about another individual because of group affiliation

Back 67

prejudice

Front 68

a specific belief about the personal attributes of a group of individuals

Back 68

stereotype

Front 69

unjustified or negative behavior toward a group and its members; acting or treating others unfairly due to group affiliation; behavioral aspect of prejudice, often based on stereotype

Back 69

discrimination

Front 70

prejudice allows us to allocate blame to something specific; when the source of frustration is intimidating or unknown anger is often allocated at something convenient (prejudice tells us where to direct)

Back 70

scapegoat theory

Front 71

prejudice coincides with perceptions of ingroup and outgroup (us vs them); want our own group to prevail

Back 71

social identity theory

Front 72

we notice differences; this makes those who are different from us stand out

Back 72

distinctiveness

Front 73

hostile or violent behavior towards another; physical or verbal behavior that is intended to harm another; itnent is key; to be aggressive, it has to be meant in a bad way

Back 73

aggression

Front 74

physical or geographical closeness; we tend to like those nearby (convenience, expectation)

Back 74

proximity

Front 75

we tend to like those we perceive as attractive; we often base attractiveness on our conceptualizations of our own attractiveness - we like those who we see as having a similar level of attractiveness as ourselves

Back 75

perceived physical attractiveness

Front 76

we tend to like those who we perceive as being similar to ourselves; similar beliefs, values, attitudes, etc.

Back 76

similarity

Front 77

we tend to like those who like us; being liked makes us feel good, and we tend to reciprocate that

Back 77

reciprocity

Front 78

we tend to like those who it benefits us to like; we like others when we benefit from interacting with them

Back 78

perceived rewards

Front 79

three main types of love: liking (intimacy alone), infatuation (passion alone), empty love (commitment alone); two subtypes: romantic love (intimacy and passion); companionate love (intimacy and commitment); one type of ultimate love

Back 79

sternberg's triangular theory of love

Front 80

intimacy alone

Back 80

liking

Front 81

passion alone

Back 81

infatuation

Front 82

commitment alone

Back 82

empty love

Front 83

intimacy and passion

Back 83

romantic love

Front 84

intimacy and commitment

Back 84

companionate love

Front 85

intimacy, passion and commitment

Back 85

consumate love

Front 86

three types (eros, ludos, storge), three subtypes (mania, pregma, agape)

Back 86

color wheel model of love

Front 87

loving ideal person

Back 87

eros

Front 88

love as a game

Back 88

ludos

Front 89

love as friendship

Back 89

storge

Front 90

obsessive love - eros and ludos

Back 90

mania

Front 91

realistic and practical love - ludos and storge

Back 91

pragma

Front 92

selfless love - eros and storge

Back 92

agape

Front 93

attachment with primary caregiver as a child determines nature of adult relationships

Back 93

attachment theory of love

Front 94

relatioship with caregiver: healthy, positive, trust; relationship with partner as adult: able to trust, feel secure in relationship

Back 94

secure

Front 95

relationship with caregiver: insecure, high anxiety, confusion (mixed feelings); relationship as adult: often jealous, unable to trust, anger easily

Back 95

anxious

Front 96

relationship with caregiver: insecure, avoid interaction, low level of dependency; relationship as adult: avoid commitment, play the field

Back 96

avoidant

Front 97

individual rewarding choices can be collectively punishing; what's good for individual, or what makes the individual happy, inflicts harm on the group

Back 97

social dilemma

Front 98

individuals drive big luxury cars - they like it, it's comfortable and makes them feel cool - more fuel is used, and gas prices go up - everyone pays more for gas and is unhappy about it

Back 98

social dilemma

Front 99

regulations to ensure equal contributions; make the group smaller (individuals will feel like their actions have more influence); communication (fosters sense of of cohesion and group identity, encourages cooperation); provide incentives (give individuals rewards for taking steps to benefit the group)

Back 99

resolution

Front 100

happens when we feel we're giving more than we're getting

Back 100

perceived injustice

Front 101

perceived equality between rewards and contributions

Back 101

justice

Front 102

fosters understanding; reduces confusion

Back 102

communication

Front 103

come to agreement about group member contributions

Back 103

compromise

Front 104

work togehter to reach an agreement; makes us feel more connected to others, which reduces feelings o negativity

Back 104

collaboration

Front 105

altered or incorrect view of what is really happening; think that others are ripping you off or being mean or unfair when they're not really; minor stuff is often made into more than it is; resolution: awareness of biases, gather knowledge, see the situation for what it is (weed out our own biases)

Back 105

misperception

Front 106

being in competition iwth others (real or imagined) can foster hostility; perceive the situation as zero-sum game - winner gets all, loser gets nothing; resolution: alter the way winning is viewed, reduce importance of winning, remind group of its strengths and positives, teach/model/encourage good sportsmanship

Back 106

competition

Front 107

mental health professional focuses on altering client's behavior; teaches new, more positive and adaptive or appropriate behaviors; client practices them in safety of therapy; based on belief that the client's beliefs, values, and general atittudes will change to match the behavior; behavior is easier to change because it is directly observable (based on our internal drive for consistency)

Back 107

approach 1: change behavior

Front 108

mental health professional focuses on teaching the individual new ways to think; work on thinking in a more positive way; interpeting negative events in a more positive way (see negative as more temporary, fixable, common thing; see effects of negative event as limited, not all-encompassing or far reaching); based on the belief that when thought processes are changed, behavioral change will follow;

Back 108

approach 2: change beliefs/cognition

Front 109

peroblems like anxiety and depression are based on cycles of negative interpretations, thoughts and behaviors; changing experiences - change in the environment so that new, hopefully more positive experiences can occur; teach positive interpretation and thought - work with client to think more positively when bad stuff happens; work on postiive behavior - help client learn to react more positively or adaptively in terms of behavior

Back 109

approach 3: breakig the cycles