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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Role Comprehension: Preparatory Stage
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Voluntary activity with little or no formal rule structure. Often, the play centers around pretending to be a person or fictional character that the child consider emblematic. At this stage, they understand the basics of the role they are portraying and how it adapts to a limited set of circumstances.
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Internalization
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The process of accepting ideas or thoughts and making them a basis for your own beliefs and behaviors.
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Role Comprehension: Play Stage
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Voluntary activity with little or no formal rule structure. Often, the play centers around pretending to be a person or fictional character that the child consider emblematic. At this stage, they understand the basics of the role they are portraying and how it adapts to a limited set of circumstances.
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Socialization
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The development of identity and indoctrination into the home culture.
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Symbolic Gestures
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Non-verbal cues which convey meaning.
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Collective Memory
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Those experiences shared and recalled by large groups.
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Looking Glass Self
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The perceived reaction of others to your behavior.
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Significant Symbol
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A word, gesture or image that has the same meaning for people who share similar experiences.
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Total Institutions
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Those organizations in which the subordinate membership has relinquished any and all control of their lives either voluntarily (rehab) or involuntarily (jail).
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Role Comprehension: Game Stage
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Structure and organization is applied to the roles. Games require participants to accept and understand multiple roles as well as the myriad ways these roles interact with others. Most importantly, the way in which a role must be performed with regard to all other roles simultaneously. (Pitcher doesn't run to the outfield, but may support a base when that player is extended)
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Three Stages of Role Comprehension (children)
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Preparatory
Play Games |
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Resocialization
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The adopting of new values and behaviors more suited to the current situation.
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Role Comprehension: Preparatory Stage
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Imitation of a role, with no real understanding of the actions they are mimicking.
However, children become familiar with much of the symbolism of the role, and learn the reaction to expect when they exhibit the roles' behaviors.. |
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Formal Organization
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Coordinating mechanisms that channel efforts toward a specific goal.
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Primary Group
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Fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the individual. (Family, friends, religion)
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Secondary Group
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Impersonal associations undertaken to achieve a specific goal. Means to an end. (Jobs, causes, hobbies.)
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Types of Organizations
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Voluntary (Doctors without Borders, Salvation Army)
Coercive (Primary school, prison) Utilitarian (Jobs, college) |
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Bureaucracy
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A completely rational organization that uses the most efficient means to achieve a goal. -Max Weber
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Seven Hallmarks of a Bureaucracy
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1) Division of labor.
2) Clear hierarchy 3) Detailed SOP 4) Positions filled by objective criteria, not emotionalisms. 5) Administrative functions are recorded and preserved. (Rules, decisions, methods) 6) Salute the rank, not the man. Authority is held by positions, not people. 7) Clients are treated without passion or prejudice. |
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Ideal Type
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Deliberate simplification or caricature for comparison purposes.
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Organizational Dimensions
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Formal- The policies, guidelines and rules of the organization.
Informal- The way things really get done. (Employee norms which depart from the formal methodologies.) |
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Rationalization
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Replacing thoughts and behaviors rooted in emotion, superstition or tradition with those grounded in logical assessment. This rational approach is then used to find the most efficient means to an end.
Downside is that by removing emotion, we see everything as a number (including living creatures and people) and end up striving for uniformity. |
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Ritzer's Mcdonaldization of Society
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The process wherein the principles of the fast food industry have begun to dominate society.
1) Efficiency 2) Quantification (allows customers to easily compare products) 3) Predictability (All iterations have same quality/features) 4) Control (Reduces variance) |
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The 5 methods of corporate profit increase
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1) Lower Production Costs
2) Create new products which consumers 'need'. 3) Planned obsolescence 4) Provide more opportunities to purchase the products 5) Tap into new markets |
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Externality Costs
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The hidden costs of business that are not factored into the product price, nor paid for by the producer. (Increasing medical costs due to obesity and the link to fast food availability, costs for environmental clean-ups)
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Trained Incapacity
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An ingrained inability, brought about by repetitive or limited training, to respond to novel situations with any degree of flexibility.
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Statistical Measures of Performance
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Designated quantitative categories used to determine an employee's or group of employees' performance as compared to a statistical mean.
(How many packets of ketchup were given away vs the total amount of french fries sold) This can lead to people only performing well on those areas measured. |
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Oligarchy
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The concentration of decision-making power into a few key position. 'Rule by the few'
Of note, once a group reaches a certain size, oligarchy is inevitable, as a democratic process of allowing everyone to weigh in on a decision becomes impossible. |
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Professionalization
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The hiring of 'experts' in a field in order to provide advice, insights or recommendations based on knowledge the decision-makers do not have.
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Alienation
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When humans are no longer the master of a technology, but it's slave. Also, (and perhaps more accurately) the inexorable distancing of the worker from the people for whom they produce goods, the division of labor that makes the worker a replaceable cog, the competition this lack of security generates (which causes you to see your peers as rivals rather than teammates) and the imposition on time with friends and family created by the need to succeed (or at least not be replaced). Finally, when your every action is pre-packaged in an SOP, you are not a person, and are not seen as such.
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Deviance
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Any behavior or appearance that is socially challenged or condemned because it departs from accepted norms.
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Conformity
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Following and/or maintaining the accepted norms of a group.
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Social Control
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Methods employed by a group to teach, convert or retain members regarding accepted practices. Includes both punishment and rewards.
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Folkways
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Customs
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Mores
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Essential, unbreachable codes.
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Functionalist Perspective
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Deviance is unavoidable, and natural. It can be used to help a group reiterate its identity (by condemning or punishing deviant behavior), and can also pave the way for real change (as the deviances are repeatedly encountered, resistance declines).
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Labeling Theory
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Acts are only deviant if they are both observed and labeled as such.
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The four types of people
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Conformists- Don't break rules.
Pure Deviants- Caught breaking rules, punished. Secret Deviants- broke rules, but weren't caught OR weren't punished. Falsely Accused- self-explanatory. |
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Master Status of Deviant
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Those who have been caught breaking rules and their identity becomes that of the deviant first, other social labels are secondary.
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Constructionist Approach
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Focuses on the manner in which groups, activities, conditions or items become defined as problematic or deviant.
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Claims Makers
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Constructionist. People who voice or promote claims. Specifically those which will benefit them.
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Structural Strain Theory
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The dissonance between:
1) The goals defined by a group as valuable and legitimate 2) The norms identifying acceptable ways to achieve the goals 3) The actual number of acceptable opportunities to achieve the goals |
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Three biggest problems for a group
(Structural Strain Theory) |
The goals labeled as desirable have unclear limits (Did I make it yet?)
2) People aren't certain legitimate means are sufficient for success 3) Legitimate means and opportunity are unavailable to a significant portion of the group |
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Conformity
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(Structural Strain)
Acceptance of the cultural goals and the proscribed methods of achieving them. |
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Innovation
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(Structural Strain)
Acceptance of the cultural goals but rejection of the proscribed methods of achieving them. |
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Ritualism
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(Structural Strain)
Rejection of the cultural goals, but acceptance of the proscribed methods to achieve them. (PhD working a tollbooth) |
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Retreatism
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(Structural Strain)
Rejection of both the cultural goals and the proscribed methods of achieving them. |
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Rebellion
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(Structural Strain)
Full or partial rejection of cultural goals and the proscribed methods of achieving them, and the introduction of new goals and methods. |
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Differential Association Theory
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Deviant behavior is learned, through contact with deviant individuals or groups and isolation from non-deviant individuals or groups.
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Social Stratification
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Systematic process of categorizing and ranking people on a scale of social worth.
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Life Chances
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A crucial set of opportunities for social advantage, including survival and quality of life.
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Status Value
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The enhanced value ascribed to a person by means of a characteristic.
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Caste System
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Social stratification based on ascribed characteristics.
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Class System
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Social stratification based on achieved characteristics.
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Ascribed Characteristics
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Those with which you are born, or occur through no effort on the part of the individual. Skin color, height, race etc.
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Functionalist View of Stratification
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1) The poor perform a vital function in society, and are therefore necessary for order.
2) Jobs that few people are ABLE to do but many people NEED done (doctors, programmers) are more incentivised than jobs that anyone can do or aren't needed. |
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Conflict Theorist dispute with Functionalist: Wages 1
(Tumin, Simpson) |
Conflict theorists disagree that the higher salaries are justified by or used for the need to attract qualified people for jobs. Their argument: The inequality in pay for people doing the same job based on age, gender or race.
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Conflict Theorist dispute with Functionalist: Wages 2
(Tumin, Simpson) |
Conflict theorists also point out that many high-salary positions are no more necessary to the group than others. Sometimes less so. (Athletes vs teachers, CEO vs policeman)
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World Systems Theory
(Samuel Wallerstien) |
Core Economies
Peripheral Economies Semiperipheral Economies |
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Core Economies
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The wealthiest and most diversified, with strong stable governments.
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Peripheral Economies
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Economies that rely on a small number or even a single commodity for income. Exploited by other economies.
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Semiperipheral Economies
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Moderately wealthy and diversified, but extreme inequality. Exploit Peripheral Economies and are exploited by Core Economies.
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Neocolonialism
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The continued economic dependence upon former colonial powers despite political independence
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Negatively Privileged Property Class
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Those who lack any skill, property or employment. Or who depend on sporadic or seasonal employment. Lowest rung.
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Positively Privileged Property Class
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Top rung. Own the means of production, live on income from investments, have access to the best educations, goods and services.
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Status Group
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Non-specific group, maintained by a lifestyle expected of them and level of esteem in which others hold them.
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Political Parties
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Groups oriented toward the acquisition of social power and influencing social action.
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