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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology- |
the study of how the presence of others affects each person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, even if that presence is only implied or imagined. Usually a functionalist approach |
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Social cognition- |
the thoughts and beliefs we have about ourselves and other people, based on how we perceive or interpret information that we either observe directly, or learn from other people. Social cognition deals with the ways in which we think and feel about ourselves, as well as the ways in which we behave because our our thoughts and feelings towards other people and ourselves. |
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Attitude- |
a learned, stable, and relatively enduring evaluation of a person, object, or idea that can affect an individual’s behavior. |
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Kinds of learning that can contribute to attitude |
1.) The classical-conditioning view; we learn attitudes when a concept or object toward which we have no particular attitudes, (an unconditioned stimulus), is paired with a concept or object towards which we already have an attitude. 2.)The operant conditioning view; rewards can strengthen positive associations, attitudes that are rewarded are more likely to be kept, and those that are punished are more likely to be changed, or discarded. 3.)The observational learning view; learning occurs as a result of observing both the behaviors of others, and the environmental outcome of the behavior observed. |
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Routes to Persuasion |
The central route to persuasion, which emphasizes thoughtful arguments related to the issue about which an attitude is being formed The peripheral route to persuasion, which emphasizes tangential, situational features of the persuasive message, such as the appeal of the message’s presentation, or rewarding features of the message or its source. |
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Mere exposure effect- |
(Zajonc), A positive effect on attitudes resulting from repeated exposure to a message supporting the attitude, or even just exposure to the stimulus about which the attitude is being formed or modified. |
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Characteristics of the source |
-Credibility - Likability; Likability effect- people are more likely to be persuaded by messages from people whom they like than those whom they don’t like. |
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Link Between Attitude and Behavior |
1.)Attitude Strength (stronger attitudes are more clearly linked to behavior than weak ones) 2.)Amount of Information and Experience Supporting the Attitude 3.)Attitude Specificity (More highly specific attitudes are more clearly tied to behavior) 4.)Situational Factors |
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Cognitive Consistency- |
A match between actions and behaviors |
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Cognitive Dissonance |
A mismatch between actions and behaviors, which causes discomfort |
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Self-Perception Theory- |
when people are not sure of what they believe, they infer their beliefs from their behavior, perceiving their own actions much as an outside observer would, and therby drawing conclusions about themselves, based on their actions. |
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Attribution- |
A mental explanation that points to the cause of a person’s behavior |
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Personal Attributions- |
mental explanations pointing to the causes of human behavior as lying within the individual who performs the behavior and hence are internal |
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Situational Attributions- |
mental explanations pointing to the causes of human behavior as lying outside the individual who perform the behavior and hence are external, such as the settings, events, or other people in the environment of the person engaging in the given behavior. |
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Attribution Heuristics and Biases |
Social Desirability Fundamental Attribution Error (occurs when an individual tends to overemphasize internal causes and personal responsibility and to deemphasize external causes and situational influences when observing the behavior of other people. Action-Observer Effect (People attribute the actions of other persons whom they observe to the stable dispositional characteristics of other persons, but they attribute their own actions to the momentary characteristics of the situation. Self-Serving Biases (We do good, and people do bad to us) Self-Handicapping (People take actions to sabotage, so they have an excuse for failure) |
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Impression Formation- |
an examination of the process by which individuals form unified, intuitive conceptions about other people, based on inferences from information obtained both directly, and indirectly |
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Central Traits- |
characteristics of a person that stand out in their importance for the personality and behavior of an individual |
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Heuristics and Biases in Impression Formation |
The Primacy Effect (First impressions can influence subsequent ones) Confirmation Bias (The human tendency to seek ways to confirm rather than refute existing beliefs This can lead to self fulfilling prophecy (whereby what is believed to be true becomes true or is at least perceived to have become true) Person Positivity Bias (The tendency for people to evaluate individuals more positively than they evaluate groups, including the groups to which those individuals belong) |
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Social Comparison Theory- |
People evaluate their own abilities and accomplishments largely by comparing these abilities and accomplishments to the abilities and accomplishments of other, usually in novel, uncertain, or ambiguous settings for which internal standards are not yet established. |
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Forces Influencing Attraction |
Arousal (Dutton and Aron (1974) bridge observational study; Heighten ANS leads to more attraction) Proximity (conductive to attraction, partly because of the mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to novel stimuli enhances the liking of them) Physical Attractiveness (Influences social opportunities and the way one is perceived) Attractive people are perceived to be: -kinder and smarter -predicted to be more successful in marriage, jobs, and parenting -similar to us What makes people attractive? symmetry Similarity |
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Equity Theory- |
Attraction to people with whom we could have a “fair” relationship of give and take; you feel benefits equally |
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Balance Theory- |
Attraction to people with whom we can maintain a balance with our likes and dislikes; cognitive constancy |
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Types of Love |
(developed by John Allen Lee) Primary Love: -Eros -- Passionate -Ludus -- Play Storge -- Affection/Friendship Secondary Love: - Agape -- Selfless -Pragma -- Practicality -Mania -- Possessiveness/Madness |
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Types of Lovers |
(developed by Hazan-Shaver) Secure Lovers: close and get along, feelings aren’t hurt too easily Avoidant Lovers: uncomfortable being close with others, and yet rely on others a lot Anxious-Ambivalent Lovers- potential, actual lovers that are reluctant to get close; worried partners won’t stay with them |
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Triangular/Triarchtic Theory of Love- |
Developed by Robert Sternberg; three components of love can intermingle -- passion, intimacy, commitment |
