Social Psychology Ch 11 Prejudice, Stereotyping And Discrimination

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prejudice

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general attitude we have towards a certain social group

could be positive or negative

example:

•Have you ever been the object of negative feelings based simply on your membership in a group?

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stereotype

Back 2

general belief we have about a certain social group

could be positive or negative

example:

What are the characteristics of:

–A typical Dutch person?

–A typical Tilburger?

–A typical white male?

–A typical professor?

–A typical refugee

- it is possible to have a positive stereotypical image of a group of which we formed a negative prejudice.

we may dont like Asians but believe that they are intelligent

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explicit and implicit stereotypes and pejudices

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when you are aware of how you think about a social group , you have explicit stereotypes and prejudices about that group

when you aren't aware of what you think about a social group , you have implicit stereotypes and prejudices about that group.

explicit stereotypes and prejudices can be measured directly, implicit -indirectly

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The Implicit Association Test
(IAT)

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technique to measure indirect prejudices

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discrimination

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behavior towards other persons , because those persons belong to a certain group

example:

Do you know anyone who has, because of their membership in a group, been:

•Denied a job or promotion?

•Insulted or harassed?

•Ignored or poorly served in a restaurant or other business?

•Denied an apartment or house?

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institutional discrimination

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discrimination by an organisation or institution. the organisation or institution make the rules in a way that gives certain social groups less chances.

Institutionalized discrimination is built into the legal, political, social, and economic institutions of a cultureIt may be

direct

–Example: Former military rules requiring expulsion of openly homosexual soldiers

Or more indirect and subtle

–Example: Hiring those with better educations excludes some minorities, favors others12

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Sexual Harassment as Gender Discrimination

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As many as 80% of high school students report having been sexually harassed (Hostile Hallways, 2001)

The U.S. Army spent $250 million in one year to deal with problems related to sexual harassment (Faley et al., 1999)6

Behavior is seen as

–More harassing when performed by someone in power (Pryor & Day, 1988)

–Less harassing when performed by an attractive single individual (Sheets & Braver, 1993)

–More harassing when directed at women then at men (e.g., U.S. M.S.P.B. 1988)

•Men are more likely to harass than women•But whether men harass or not depends on the man and on the situation

•In one study, male students were asked to train a young woman on a complex word-processing task8 (see this exp) <=?

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Bertrand & Mullainathan 2004

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stereotype threat

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by steele and aronson

the fear of stereotypes of others about your own group confirmed.

stereotype threat has effect on people: they increase the arousal, mental load ,dejection and negative thoughts and decrease the effort and work memory capacity

Stereotype threat sometimes leads people to disidentifywith those areas where society expects them to fail

example:

•White men did worse on athletic tasks they thought tapped “natural ability”

•But black men did worse if they thought it tapped “athletic intelligence” (Stone et al, 1999)

•White men did worse in math when they thought they were being compared to an Asian (Aronson et al, 1999)

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stereotype threat and disidentification

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Stereotype threat sometimes leads people to disidentify with those areas where society expects them to fail

Disidentify

To decide that the area is no longer relevant to their self esteem

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how do people handle(deal with ) negative prejudices, stereotypes and discrimination?

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self-handicapping-

-dis-identify ( this two for short term)

-using humor

-telling success stories(Role models who contradict stereotype)

-telling about stereotype threat ( these 3 for short and long term)

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self handicapping

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people create obstacles so that they cant provide for a successful performance. because of that people have an excuse for their bad performance, so the negative stereotypes haven/';t really been confirmed <=?

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dis-identify

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if others think you will fail, you decide that that area isn't important for you

example of maths abilities in woman

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the goals of prejudices, stereotypes and discrimination

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-protect and support someones own group

-provide social support

-support personal and social identities(managing self-image)

-help lead the way in complex, informational , social surroundings with little mental effort

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minimal inter group paradigm

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an experiment in which random artificial groups are formed on short term to discover the amendments of prejudices, stereotypes and discrimination.

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Minimal intergroup paradigm

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An experimental procedure in which short-term, arbitrary, artificial groups are created to explore foundations of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination

Example:

students give preferential treatment to others who they believe share otherwise irrelevant traits:

–A tendency to “overestimate” dots

–A preference for the artist Kandinsky

–A random assignment to a group with the same color T-shirt27

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in- group bias

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the tendency to favour persons of your group above the members of other group

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realistic group conflict theory

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conflicts between groups, negative prejudices and stereotypes come from competition between groups for the same desired goods.

Proposal that inter group conflict, and negative prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired resources.

Example: Members of different ethnic groups may compete for the same jobs or the same farmland

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Self-fulfilling spiral of intergroup competition

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•Competition and hostility breed more competition and hostility•When other groups are viewed as competitors, this becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy31

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seeking social approval

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•To win approval from members of our group, we may conform to their negative views of other groups

•A prejudiced social environment may also provide permission for people to express bigoted opinions they already hold

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threat-based perspective

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the prejudices of a group become even more prominent , when someone feels vulnerable for threats that are associated with that group

<=?

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social dominance orientation

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describes the extent to which a peronon wishes that his or her group dominates others group and is superior to them.

people like that give preference to social systems

and have negative prejudices towards other groups.

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extrinsic religion

intrinsic religion

fundamentalism

quest-reliogiosity

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extrinsic-they see religion as a chance to make friends, receive status and social support...

(such people have more negative prejudices towards others)

intrinsic-they believe because of the religion itself and not because of other goals

fundamentalism - believing in the absolute truth of someone's religious belief. fanatizmi

quest-religiosity -seeking religiosity when you see religion as an infinite personal journey to the truth

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scapegoating

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when we blame people of another group for our frustrations and failures.

scapegoat is someone of a group we already formed a lot of prejudices about

by blaming others we feel better

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social identity

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the social group we identify ourselves to.

according to social identity theory we use social identity to feel better about ourselves

Part of our identity comes from the groups to which we belong.

Just as individual social comparison can boost self-esteem, comparing our ingroups with outgroups that are less well off can raise our self-esteem (Rubin & Hewstone, 1998)41

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authoritarianism

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the tendency to those people who have more authority and to denigrate those who have less authority

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stereotyping

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we always stereotype , because it is a simple , cognitive way to understand others

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the perceives out group homogeneity effect

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is a phenomenon that the extend to which members of certain group are similar to each other is overestimated, which makes it easier to stereotype

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ignorance hypothesis

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people change their prejudices and stereotypes if they know more about members of another group.. however only facts are not enough . people need to have contact with them

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goal-based approach

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p 55

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self esteem and threat

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overhead ethnic slurs

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The effects of overhearing an ethnic slur depends upon the person hearing it, as demonstrated in a study by Simon and Greenberg (1996)55 <=? see on slides