Social Psychology - Ch. 2

Front 1

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Back 1

It would be impossible to function effectively in society without both the conscious system and the automatic system.

Front 2

Humans today still benefit from the famous invention of the Wright brothers (the airplane). Even though they have been dead for generations, their basic technology still lives on, and modern aircrafts have built off of and elaborated upon their invention. This is an example of cultural

Back 2

progress

Front 3

The automatic system in the duplex mind is BEST characterized as

Back 3

A team of little robots doing lots of simple jobs to make your life easier.

Front 4

The term “culture” originally referred to

Back 4

a system of farming.

Front 5

The automatic system is to intuition as the conscious system is to __________.

Back 5

reason

Front 6

Living in a culture offers ___ in comparison to living in a social group

Back 6

advantages and demands

Front 7

Consider the many steps involved in how most people get their food in modern societies (e.g., steps involving everything from farms to factories to stores). This process is a good example of

Back 7

"putting people first"

Front 8

It appears that humans evolved

Back 8

the capacity for interpersonal affection and love because these traits improved their ability to connect with one another.

Front 9

Consider a mutation of the gene that determines the lifespan of a woman. The mutation changes the female lifespan from 75 to 150 years for the woman with the mutation. This mutation would

Back 9

possibly be passed or not, depending on how it interacted with the woman’s childbearing frequency.

Front 10

Money’s relationship with human biology is BEST described as

Back 10

a development that is too recent to have directly shaped human nature biologically

Front 11

Which of the following is true regarding division of labor and the exchange of goods and services?

Back 11

These things are by and large unique to humans.

Front 12

T/F
Research by Van Beest and Williams (2007) suggests that people would prefer to gain money over social
acceptance.

Back 12

F

Front 13

Which of the following is the best example of a “system” as that term is defined in your text?

Back 13

A rainforest in which different species of plants and animals depend on each other

Front 14

Cultural psychologists use the term praxis to describe

Back 14

shared ways of doing things

Front 15

Olivia is thinking about applying to law school, but doesn't have a good feeling for how much she would enjoy it and whether law would be the right career path for her. If she is like most people, she will be most likely to start exploring the idea of law school by

Back 15

talking to friends, family, and fellow students to solicit their input and advice.

Front 16

In speeches about political policies, politicians

Back 16

tend to ignore trade-offs when they are running for office

Front 17

Research on cross-cultural differences in sexuality has found that sex manuals written thousands of years ago in China covered __________ techniques that one would find in a sex manual today.

Back 17

almost exactly the same

Front 18

To gain social acceptance, a person must

Back 18

figure out what other people prefer.
figure out what other people expect.
change yourself to meet other’s preferences and expectations.

Front 19

Compared to other animals' sensory organs, humans' sensory organs tend to favor resolution over detection. This means that humans are especially good at

Back 19

distinguishing the faces of two very similar-looking people.

Front 20

Culture is best defined as __________, involving both __________, that allows people to live together and satisfy each others' needs

Back 20

an information-based system, knowledge and praxis

Front 21

T/F
Culture is simply a shared way of doing things.

Back 21

F

Front 22

Politicians frequently face the trade-off of __________ to help assure that they will get elected versus __________ and possibly jeopardizing their chances of getting reelected.

Back 22

oversimplifying issues, being honest about the complexity of issues

Front 23

Psychologists who study the automatic versus conscious systems have recently begun to conclude that the automatic mind does __________ than previously thought and is probably __________ than the conscious mind.

Back 23

much more, much bigger

Front 24

According to evolutionary theory, the main reason that males and females have different approaches when it comes to dating and mating is because

Back 24

males can have many more offspring than females in their lifetimes, with minimal investments of time and energy per offspring.

Front 25

In describing general patterns in human nature, the textbook discusses the notion of "putting people first." This is the idea that, most of the time

Back 25

People look to other people (rather than the environment) for information

Front 26

The case of Little Brenda, who was born a biological male but raised as a girl, illustrates that

Back 26

socialization is a powerful force, but there are limits to how much it can influence people.

Front 27

According to the concluding comments of Chapter 2 in your text, what makes us human is mostly

Back 27

the degree to which our life is enmeshed with culture

Front 28

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?.

1. Non-human animals do not communicate with one another at all.
2. Non-human animals communicate with one another, but they do not naturally have anything approximating human language.
3. A few non-human animals have language in the same way that humans do, but most only communicate in very basic ways.
4. While no non-human animals naturally have language in the same way that humans do, a few are capable of learning human language as well as humans.

Back 28

Non-human animals communicate with one another, but they do not naturally have anything
approximating human language.

Front 29

Joe is from a Baptist background. Sarah is from a Lutheran background. They are arguing about whether or not it is “right” to baptize infants into the Christian faith. Even though they disagree on infant baptism, their argument is based on their common belief that the Christian faith is truth. This feature that underlies their argument illustrates what element of culture?

Back 29

Culture as shared ideas

Front 30

Suppose that Ricardo is sitting in class, that he is extremely hungry, and that he spots his neighbor munching on a tempting snack. If Ricardo is like MOST people, then his automatic system

Back 30

would prompt him to snatch the snack away from the neighbor.

Front 31

Compared to most animals, when humans need information they show a strong tendency

Back 31

to look to each other

Front 32

Humans are different from other animals in several different ways. For example, unlike other animals, humans

Back 32

have the ability to take on many different social roles, and even hold multiple social roles at the same time

Front 33

One of the things that sets culture apart, and is one of its major advantages, is

Back 33

progress—the ability to store and build upon the knowledge and achievements of previous generations.

Front 34

In recent years, evolutionary psychologists have focused most attention on which of the following topics?

Back 34

gender differences

Front 35

In general, social psychologists believe that natural selection happens

Back 35

at an individual level rather than a group level.

Front 36

T/F
An important finding in Solomon Asch's research (where people were asked to judge unambiguous
stimuli while in the presence of confederates who consistently gave the wrong response) was that we often look to others for information instead of looking to the environment.

Back 36

T

Front 37

In general, __________ psychologists believe that natural selection happens at the individual level. And in general, __________ psychologists believe that it can happen at the group level as well.

Back 37

virtually all, a few

Front 38

In evolutionary theory, the process of natural selection MOST favors

Back 38

the genes of people who reproduce the most.

Front 39

According to your text, what factor do biologists emphasize as the MOST important factor in natural
selection?

Back 39

reproduction

Front 40

Devin claims that she does not have any negative stereotypes about women. But last week, when she
called a technician to help her with a problem she was having with her computer, and the technician turned out to be a woman, a negative thought flashed through Devin's mind before she could stop herself ("Oh no,"
she thought, "a woman! A woman won't be able to help me with my problem!"). Devin surprised herself with this thought, and immediately tried to suppress it. What was going on here?

Back 40

Devin's conscious and automatic systems were "thinking" different things

Front 41

When faced with a time trade-off, nature tends to

Back 41

care more about the present than the future

Front 42

When a tsunami hit many different parts of Asia, people from all over the world donated money and time to help the individuals in need due to that disaster. This tendency to help even total strangers illustrates the textbooks classification of humans as

Back 42

cultural animals

Front 43

In general, social psychologists who research the duplex mind now believe that the automatic system is

Back 43

much bigger than the conscious system

Front 44

If a child who was born a biological male were raised as a girl, what would happen?

Back 44

The child would probably feel "different" from other girls throughout childhood, and ultimately seek to live life as a male.

Front 45

According to evolutionary theory, the traits of which man should be most favored by natural selection?

-Tom, who has 1 child, and dies when he is 100
-uan, who has 2 children, and dies when he is 50
-Oded, who has 4 children, and dies when he is 25
-There is no difference; the traits of all three men will be equally favored

Back 45

Oded, who has 4 children, and dies when he is 25

Front 46

Suppose that you are in the market for a new car, and are having trouble deciding between two different models. If you ultimately decide to "go with your gut," then you are making a decision

Back 46

based on the automatic system (rather than the conscious system).

Front 47

Suppose that you were trying to find of a good place to eat. Research suggests that if you were a dog, you would __________, but that if you were a human you would __________.

Back 47

look to the environment (e.g., walk around and try to find something good), look to other humans (e.g.,
ask a friend)

Front 48

T/F
Research on delay of gratification looks at how people make tradeoffs between "now versus tomorrow."

Back 48

T

Front 49

If George W. Bush is like most politicians, then he probably

Back 49

overemphasized political trade-offs both the first time he ran for office and when he was running for relection

Front 50

In the evolutionary history of humans, the competition (in terms of whether or not an individual's genes will survive and get passed down to subsequent generations) has largely been

Back 50

within-species (among humans themselves).

Front 51

The automatic versus conscious systems can BEST be thought of as

Back 51

intuition versus reasoning.

Front 52

Recall Solomon Asch's famous line-judging studies. In these studies, research subjects were asked to make judgments about unambiguous stimuli. They were asked to do this while in the presence of confederates who consistently gave incorrect responses. According to the textbook, one of the important conclusions to bedrawn from Asch's research is that

Back 52

has been reframed; the debate now concerns how nature and nurture interact with one another and
influence one another.

Front 53

Understanding what the human psyche was designed to do can help us to understand human behavior in the same way that

Back 53

reading a product manual can help us understand what a product will do, and how it will react when
treated in different ways.

Front 54

Which of the following famous social psychological studies best illustrates the idea that humans tend to "put people first"?

Back 54

Solomon Asch's "line judgment" research on conformity

Front 55

In the duplex mind, which of the following is one of the ways that the automatic system differs from the conscious system?

Back 55

The automatic system is faster.

Front 56

The modern notion of the automatic system is BEST understood as __________ Freudian idea of the unconscious mind

Back 56

a similar, but somewhat different, idea than the

Front 57

Research suggests that humans evolved relatively large brains in order to

Back 57

increase their capacity for complex interpersonal relationships

Front 58

T/F
The automatic system and the conscious system operate almost completely independently of one another.

Back 58

F

Front 59

In social psychology the "nature versus nurture" debate

Back 59

has been reframed; the debate now concerns how nature and nurture interact with one another and
influence one another.

Front 60

Which of the following statements about survival is TRUE?
-Survival is based on individual fitness, not on situational constraints.
-Survival depends totally on circumstances, not on individual fitness.
-Survival depends in part on both individual fitness and on environmental circumstance.
-Survival depends on gene mutation.

Back 60

Survival depends in part on both individual fitness and on environmental circumstance.

Front 61

Marlena is a strange little woman. She works and works to earn as much money as she can, but she will rarely spend it even to get things that she really needs. Marlena’s behavior illustrates which analogy that Lea and Webley proposed to explain the human motivation with respect to money?

Back 61

drug

Front 62

When researchers have studied delay of gratification using simple tasks with food rewards, they have found that chimpanzees are __________.

Back 62

far worse at it than humans

Front 63

Which of the following is TRUE regarding language?
-No other species communicate the way we do—not even with one-word or one-concept grunts.
-Despite publicity indicating the contrary, psychologists have had absolutely no success teaching sign language to chimpanzees.
-All human cultures have language.
-There are a few non-human animals (e.g., dolphins, chimpanzees, and sea turtles) that have languages that are nearly as complex as human language

Back 63

All human cultures have language.

Front 64

Compared to the sensory organs of other animals, humans' sensory organs are particularly well-suited for

Back 64

perceiving things distinctly or accurately.

Front 65

According to your text, the down side of being social is

Back 65

it is more difficult to achieve than a solitary life

Front 66

Which of the following statements is true regarding the phrase "survival of the fittest"?

Back 66

The term "survival" refers to survival of genes in a population's gene pool

Front 67

Molly was born in September, and the cutoff for going to kindergarten in her school district is August 1st.
Based on the relative age effect, Molly will MOST likely

Back 67

be one of the oldest in her class and therefore have an advantage.

Front 68

How does the modern notion of the automatic system relate to the Freudian idea of the unconscious mind?

Back 68

hey are not exactly the same, but there is a fair amount of overlap between them.

Front 69

Are social psychologists concerned with cross-cultural differences in behavior?

Back 69

Somewhat—most social psychologists are cautious about generalizing their findings to different cultures, but the majority of research is still done only in the U.S.

Front 70

It appears that natural selection has least favored people caring about

Back 70

the distant future.

Front 71

The notion of “group selection” has mostly been

Back 71

rejected by biologists.

Front 72

One of the ways that humans are different from other species is that our sensory organs are

Back 72

focused more on resolution than on detection.

Front 73

Suppose that you are in the market for a new car, and are having trouble deciding between two different models. If you ultimately decide to make your purchase based on the evaluations you read in Consumer Reports, then you are making a decision

Back 73

based on the conscious system (rather than the automatic system).

Front 74

Which of the following is a cultural act (rather than just a social act)?

Back 74

A group of citizens obeying the state's laws about littering

Front 75

Which of the following is one of the ways that cultural animals differ from social animals?

Back 75

Only cultural animals have divisions of labor.

Front 76

Research on the brain sizes of various animals has indicated that brain size is MOST strongly linked to a species'

Back 76

complexity of social structures

Front 77

Research suggests that humans evolved large brains not to better understand the environment around them, but rather to increase the capability for interpersonal relations. This idea is known as

Back 77

social brain theory.

Front 78

It appears that humans evolved the capacity for interpersonal affection and love

Back 78

because these traits improved their ability to connect with one another.

Front 79

Seahorses show a reversal of the usual sex roles; male seahorses invest more time and energy into offspring than female seahorses do. What would an evolutionary psychologist be MOST likely to say about
this?

Back 79

The males are probably less interested (than the males of other species) in having multiple sex partners.

Front 80

Kirk works hard to earn as much money as he can. He tries to be a good steward of his money, using it to buy a solid house for his family to live in, healthy food for them to eat, cars so they can get around town, and so forth. Kirk’s approach to money is most consistent with which of the following metaphors that Lea and Webley proposed to explain the human motivation towards the pursuit of money?

Back 80

Tool

Front 81

Researchers who study "delay of gratification" are essentially studying

Back 81

time trade-offs

Front 82

A mutation is a

Back 82

a new gene or combination of genes

Front 83

The automatic system is to __________ as the conscious system is to __________.

Back 83

nature, culture

Front 84

The theory of evolution as proposed by Charles Darwin focuses primarily on

Back 84

how change occurs in nature.

Front 85

The automatic system

Back 85

is capable both of experiencing emotions and of having thoughts.

Front 86

Which of the following illustrates the theme “inner processes serve interpersonal functions”?

Back 86

A man recognizes that he is feeling angry.

Front 87

It would be most accurate to say that psychological processes are

Back 87

based on a complex interaction between nature and culture throughout life.

Front 88

"Social brain theory" states that

Back 88

the human brain evolved to enable humans to have rich, complex social lives.

Front 89

The relative age effect illustrates

Back 89

culture interacting with nature.

Front 90

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the success of human culture in biological terms?

Back 90

Humans have halved their average lifespan.

Front 91

Suppose that a child who was born a biological female were raised as boy (given a male name, dressed in male clothes, etc.). Based on similar cases that have occurred in the past, it would be reasonable to expect that the child would

Back 91

feel and act "different" from childhood on.

Front 92

In order for humans to function effectively in society,

Back 92

the conscious mind often needs to override the automatic system.

Front 93

Keith Chen’s work with animals and money suggests which of the following conclusions?

Back 93

Animals were capable of learning a rudimentary grasp of money handling.