Social Psych Test 3

Front 1

aggression

Back 1

intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person

Front 2

hostile aggression

Back 2

agression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

Front 3

instrumental aggression

Back 3

agression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

Front 4

frustration-aggression theory

Back 4

the theory that frustration--the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal--increases the probability of an aggressive response

Front 5

aggressive stimulus

Back 5

an object that is associated with aggressive responses (ex. a gun) and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression

Front 6

social learning theory

Back 6

the theory that people learn social behavior (ex. aggression) in large part by observing others and imitating them

Front 7

scripts

Back 7

ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture

Front 8

catharsis

Back 8

the notion that "blowing off steam"--by performing a verbally or physically aggressive act, watching others engage in aggressive behaviors, or engaging in a fantasy of aggression--relieves built-up aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior

Front 9

prejudice

Back 9

a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group

Front 10

stereotype

Back 10

a generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members

Front 11

illusory correlation

Back 11

the tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated

Front 12

discrimination

Back 12

unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his or her membership in that group

Front 13

modern racism

Back 13

outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes

Front 14

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 14

the case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true

Front 15

stereotype threat

Back 15

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

Front 16

institutional discrimination

Back 16

practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice

Front 17

institutionalized racism

Back 17

racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm

Front 18

institutionalized sexism

Back 18

sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm

Front 19

normative conformity

Back 19

the tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance

Front 20

out-group homogeneity

Back 20

the perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other than they really are, as well more similar than members of the in-group are

Front 21

ultimate attribution error

Back 21

the tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people

Front 22

blaming the victim

Back 22

the tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place

Front 23

realistic conflict theory

Back 23

the idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination

Front 24

scapegoating

Back 24

the tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless

Front 25

jigsaw classroom

Back 25

a classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class

Front 26

propinquity effect

Back 26

the finding that the more we see and interact with people

Front 27

mere exposure effect

Back 27

the finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

Front 28

evolutionary approach to mate selection

Back 28

holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other (men are attracted by women's appearance; women are attracted by men's resources) because this maximizes their chances of reproductive success

Front 29

evolutionary psychology

Back 29

the attempt to explain social behavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection

Front 30

companionate love

Back 30

the feelings of intimacy and affection we have for someone that are not accompanied by passion or physiological arousal

Front 31

passionate love

Back 31

an intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair

Front 32

attachment styles

Back 32

the expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

Front 33

secure attachment style

Back 33

an attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked; typically had responsive and positive caregivers

Front 34

avoidant attachment style

Back 34

an attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships; typically had aloof and distant caregivers

Front 35

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

Back 35

an attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than average levels of anxiety; typically had inconsistent and overbearing caregivers

Front 36

social exchange theory

Back 36

the idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else

Front 37

comparison level

Back 37

people's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship

Front 38

comparison level for alternatives

Back 38

people's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship

Front 39

investment model

Back 39

the theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs, and comparison level and their comparison level for alternatives, but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by leaving it

Front 40

equity theory

Back 40

the idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal

Front 41

exchange relationships

Back 41

relationships governed by the need for equity

Front 42

communal relationships

Back 42

relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs

Front 43

prosocial behavior

Back 43

any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

Front 44

altruism

Back 44

the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper

Front 45

kin selection

Back 45

the idea the behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection

Front 46

norm of reciprocity

Back 46

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

Front 47

empathy

Back 47

the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them

Front 48

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Back 48

the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

Front 49

altruistic personality

Back 49

the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations

Front 50

in-group

Back 50

the group with which an individual identifies as a member

Front 51

out-group

Back 51

any group with which an individual does not identify

Front 52

urban overload hypothesis

Back 52

the idea that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

Front 53

bystander effect

Back 53

the finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help

Front 54

pluralistic ignorance

Back 54

the case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation a certain way, when in fact they are not

Front 55

diffusion of responsibility

Back 55

the phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases

Front 56

implementation intentions

Back 56

people's specific plans about where, when, and how they will fulfill a goal

Front 57

affective forecasting

Back 57

the extent to which people can predict the intensity and duration of their emotional reactions to future events

Front 58

resilience

Back 58

mild, transient reactions to stressful events, followed by a quick return to normal, health functioning

Front 59

stress

Back 59

the negative feelings and beliefs that arise whenever people feel unable to cope with demands from their environment

Front 60

internal-external locus of control

Back 60

the tendency to believe that things happen because we control them versus believing that good and bad outcomes are out of our control

Front 61

perceived control

Back 61

the belief that we can influence our environment in ways that determine whether we experience positive or negative outcomes

Front 62

coping styles

Back 62

the ways in which people react to threatening events

Front 63

fight-or-flight response

Back 63

responding to stress by either attacking the source of the stress or fleeing from it

Front 64

tend-and-befriend response

Back 64

responding to stress with nurturant activities designed to protect oneself and one's offspring (tending) and creating social networks that provide protection from threats (befriending)

Front 65

social support

Back 65

the perception that others are responsive and receptive to one's needs