Social Psych Exam 1

Front 1

Hindsight bias

Back 1

tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after knowing that it occurred

Front 2

Scientific Method

Back 2

Question> Hypotheses > Theory

cannot test a theory

Front 3

Basic Research

Back 3

Used to answer general questions

ex. fear appeal

Front 4

Applied research

Back 4

research conducted to solve a particular problem; such as trying to decrease discrimination and prejudices

Front 5

Operational

Back 5

concepts need to be defined before investigated ex. Satisfaction in a romantic relationship, happiness?

Happiness is the willingness to stay in the relationship

Front 6

construct validity

Back 6

extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

ex. measuring your will to stay in relationship not how long

Front 7

self-reports

Back 7

are survey(data collection)

Front 8

Survey advantages

Back 8

easy, cheap, free, and fast

Front 9

Survey Disadvantages

Back 9

Wording effects like;

words people do not understand

confusing grammar

double negatives

words mean same thing but create diff action

(forbid vs. allow)

Front 10

Social Desirability

Back 10

tendency for surveyors to answer questions in a manner that will be view favorably by others

Front 11

Retroactive

Back 11

change how we think about things, to feel good about ourselves

ex. break ups, blame the other

Front 12

representative sample

Back 12

the random sample should be representative of the interest sample; the group of interest

Front 13

Random sample

Back 13

a sample taken from the population of interest; each member of the population has an equal chance of being a participant

Front 14

convenience sample

Back 14

made up of people who are easy to reach

Front 15

observational designs

Back 15

finding data; once you start changing the environment you start to escape from this

Front 16

naturalistic observation

Back 16

a method in observing people in their normal environment

Front 17

Adv. to naturalistic observation

Back 17

the experimenters act more normal

Front 18

Disadvantage of naturalistic observation

Back 18

do not have as much control on the experiment

Front 19

ethnography

Back 19

the scientific description of the customs of individual people and cultures; they are bias to the culture they come from

Front 20

Laboratory observation advantage

Back 20

researchers can control as much as possible

Front 21

Laboratory observation disadvantage

Back 21

you know you are in a study, behavior may change; extremely limited to the behaviors we can observe

ex. cannot observe emotions only facial expressions

Front 22

ethnocentric

Back 22

what happens in your culture is correct

Front 23

infrequent behavior

Back 23

during an emergency

Front 24

research design

Back 24

what kinds of questions can i answer now with the data collection

Front 25

descriptive research

Back 25

provides evidence that behavior is occurring but not why it is occurring

Front 26

correlational design

Back 26

technique in which two or more variables are systematically measured and a relationship between them is assessed

Front 27

correlation coefficient

Back 27

describe strength of relationship or if theres a relationship between two variables so that one can be predicted from the other

Front 28

positive correlation

Back 28

increase or decrease together(same direction)

ex. violent video games

Front 29

negative correlation

Back 29

one increases the other decreases (opposite direction)

ex. more sleep you get, less tired you feel

Front 30

range of correlation

Back 30

+1 to -1; cannot show cause and effect

Front 31

closer to 1

Back 31

stronger the relationship

Front 32

closer to 0

Back 32

weaker the relationship

Front 33

methodology

Back 33

-low self-esteem could cause depression

-Depression can cause low self-esteem

-Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause low self-esteem and depression

Front 34

Experimentation

Back 34

Determines cause and effect

Front 35

Experimentation: variables are manipulated to observe the effect on other variables

Back 35

ex. type of food fed as a baby- how this effects development of the baby; measure IQ at 3 is there a difference between breast feeding and formula

Front 36

Experimentation: variables are kept constant

Back 36

ex. trying to keep the amount fed the same, day/hour/ounces

Front 37

Independent variables

Back 37

variable that is manipulated

ex. formula or breast milk

Front 38

Dependent Variable

Back 38

variable being measured

ex. IQ at age 3 in baby food test

depends on what happens in independent variable

ex. IQ depends on what baby food you were fed

Front 39

Control variables

Back 39

control as much as possible in ethical guidelines to create as little differences as possible

ex. how much food you can feed your baby

Front 40

experimental condition

Back 40

participants who are exposed to the independent variable

Front 41

control condition

Back 41

participants who are NOT exposed to the independent variable; acting as the comparison as the baseline

Front 42

Random assignment to conditions

Back 42

no control, want completely random; 1st person in experimental, 2nd in control...

Front 43

Cofound

Back 43

variables that should have been held constant but were accidentally varied

Front 44

Internal validity

Back 44

the degree to which differences in the DV are due to differences in the IV

Front 45

Double Blind Study

Back 45

neither the experimenter or the participant no who's in what group

Front 46

Experimenter expectancy effect/experimenter bias

Back 46

a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment

Front 47

ideal

Back 47

an image of the perfect self towards which the ego should aspire

Front 48

single blind study

Back 48

the participant doesn't know which group

Front 49

external validity

Back 49

our ability to generalize; the degree to which findings can be applied/ generalized to other settings and/or samples

Front 50

experimental realism

Back 50

the extent to which the experimental procedures are involving to the participants and lead them to behave naturally; reduce the fact that they are in an experiment

Front 51

Cover Story

Back 51

Psychologist will lie to you

Front 52

Mundane realism

Back 52

experiment is done in a naturally occurred situation; resembles real world

Front 53

field experiment

Back 53

where the people are

Front 54

research ethics

Back 54

informed consent; gives you info about study and what you will be doing, any risks

Front 55

minimal risk

Back 55

losing time out of your day

Front 56

Confidentiality

Back 56

cannot talk about your results together

Front 57

debriefing

Back 57

questions can be asked, one can ask experimenter not to use data in study, experimenter can tell participants if they were lied to

Front 58

Deception

Back 58

lying; as long as it does not change your ability to give consent

Front 59

Confederate

Back 59

people instructed to do a specific thing at a specific time