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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ancient Natives
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Ancient natives:
• Ancient natives followed and hunted “mega fauna”; it is likely that these creatures were hunted into extinction. (megafauna is giant mammal species) • Whiles genetically related, most were (and are) culturally different • As time passed, |
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Aborigines
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Ancient natives:
• Ancient natives followed and hunted “mega fauna”; it is likely that these creatures were hunted into extinction. (megafauna is giant mammal species) • Whiles genetically related, most were (and are) culturally different • As time passed, |
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Mongoloid
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Mongoloid:
• Ancestors of modern native Americans arrived in the Americas as early as 12,000 years B.P • They moved by land from central Asia to Americas by a “land bridge” that linked Asia and North America during the last ICE AGE. • Their descendants are the modern Native Americans. |
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The OLMEC
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The OLMEC
- Centered in the Tabasco Region of Southern Mexico - Originated in 3500 B.P. - Significance, highly untouched cultures that evolved in their own right - Very progressive cultures, mathematics, understanding of seasons ect… - Life focused on stone covered earth temple-mounds - Had various symbols and pictograms - Had their own calendar - Famous for carvers, head carved stone heads - Known to be advanced in trade practices - Population peaked perhaps around 350,000 - Advanced infrastructure - Influence fades by 2400 B.P. |
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The Maya
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The Maya
- Emerges around 3000 B.P. - Own specialized infrastructure, based on power of people to earth and sun and the moon - Empire was very advanced most powerful between A.D. 200 and 800 - Very elaborate structures for the time - Developed complex mathematical systems - Created an accurate 365 day calendar - Population around 14 million - Culture never disappeared, however influence collapsed around 850 A.D. |
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The Aztec
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The Aztec
- Emerges 1200 A.D, peaks around 1500 - Built huge pyramids and temples, water ways, roads ect - Very dominate culture, very power driven - Goal was to destroy other tribes and assimilate others - 20 million, 300,000 living in Tenochtilan - Invaded by Spanish in 1519 and eventually destroyed |
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People of the Andes
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- Contact between Spaniards and Peopled of the Andes
- Significant social, economic, political consequences ensued - People of Andes refers to a number of ancient civilizations which emerged in the Andes Region of South America |
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The Nazca
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The Nazca: emerge in southern Peru about 2000 B.P.
- Intricate geoglyphs (ground drawings) were very useful |
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The Moche
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The Moche: emerged further down south between AD 1000 – 800
- Became a cultural force on the coast - Known for architecture, metal workers and potters - Constructed large mud-brick pyramids: many artifacts found - Contained burial chambers with mummified leaders and sacrifices – much like the Egyptians |
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The Inca
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The Inca: emerged in about A.D. 1200
- Built upon many cultural practices already established in the Andes Region - By 1500, imperial population reached 13 million - At peak, empire stretched to 3,200km - Accomplished architects, huge stone buildings, roads, bridges, terraced fields, irrigation channels and canals (Machu Picchu) - Very into religious practices and social hierarchy - Had complex methods of record keeping and time measurement - Kipu – knotted strings that recorded numbers and information (weave into tapestry – historical tablet that they understood how to read) - Culture: intricate artwork in the form of tapestries, jewellery, metalwork, pottery - Invaded by the Spanish in 1532 – 10 years of conflict, Inca Empire was destroyed |
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The Roman Empire:
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The Roman Empire:
- The standard of infrastructure, government - Tremendously civilized - Was multicultural empire tied together by dominant roman culture - More diverse expectation of religious practices - Had a senate, and elected body in Rome - Decision making was done from the top - Law: the twelve tables - Religion: originally polytheistic-means many gods - Monotheistic-means one god which they believe in - Always practicing annexation, beneficial in territorial claims and resources, a lot of other cultures were used as slaved - Eurocentrism viewing the world from European perspective promoting European values and beliefs |
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A.D. 476 Fall of Roman Empire
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A.D. 476 Fall of Roman Empire
- The end of Roman Empire - When fell, society regressed, political, religious, and economic - There was no more tolerance and ability to move up social strata - Whatever you were born into is where you stayed - Church used heaven and hell to control the populous - When people are uneducated, they are turning to someone to interpret the bible, as well as choices they must have to make in life - Dictated by 10 commandments - Church wanted to make money, control land, and hold complete autonomy - Doing this to make a profit |
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Europe: A.D. 500
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- Middle Ages begin
- Early part of this time called the DARK AGE |
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Viking Expansion
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Viking Expansion
- They are moving through Europe - Into Scandinavia - Conquered most of Europe during the Dark Ages - Create own communities - War type peoples, goal was to take over most regions - 600s Vikings reach the Shetland islands - 7002 the Faeroe islands discovered - 871 Iceland discovered - 983 Vikings reach Greenland - 1000 Vikings reach north America - 1000+ southern voyages? - Contributed to the development of language and syntax - Impacted general diffusion of language - Had exchange currency - Not trade - Had some sort of understanding and relationship with aboriginals, and with regards to symbolism |
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Crusades
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Crusades
- Crusades refers to series of wars between Europeans Christian, and middle eastern Moslems - Wars based on religion - At odds with ethical or moral value - Term comes from Latin “crux” or cross - At least 16 different crusades - Numbered first crusade, second, and so on… - Also have names, peoples crusade ect… - Indoctrinate the masses, then you have the grass root population - Initially, when you have religious crisis, there are series of strategic ways you do that - Recognize that a lot of this had to go through the pope - Eurocentric sphere of influence - 1096, THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE LEFT OG CONSTANTINOPLE - This become known as the peoples crusade - Hatred for anyone not practicing Christianity - Upon facing Turkish army, they were virtually annihilated - Armies marched into holy land looting cities and slaughtering local population - All riches go back to church - Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 and massacred most of its inhabitants |
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Forming of the Silk Road
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- First large scale movement of people out of Europe since roman times
- Cathay, ancient name for China - Crusaders admired Chinese silk - Chinese had social programs - Education - Cutting edge of mathematics - 1300’s marco polo reached cathay |
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Renaissance
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- Religion was base of power in society
- Recapturing what they had developed during the roman empire - Society was able to explore elements of art - Nature of man, human proportion - Architectural development - Most artists drew pictures regarding real life |
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Trends
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- Development of architectural advancement m
- Infrastructural technology - Transportation improved - Demand for luxury items by the upper class and growing middle class - Work days became shorter - Pockets of people have more many than they normally would - Money would relate in need for goods |
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The Silk Road
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- Motivation for exploration is always a necessity
- Spices and silk were carried across by camel - Eventually caravans were escorted by private armies - Silk is lightweight and durable, beautiful, breathable - Natural luster - Very high end fabric - Spice trade was pepper, cinnamon, Asian and Indian type spices |
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Empire Building: New Spain
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- After Columbus arrived in Caribbean, established himself as governor in the name of Spanish king
- This is beginning of “la conquista” The Conquest - The Conquistadores were given name because they were vicious and merciless - Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro - Cortes and his army invaded anztec civilization - Learned from the technology, the calendar, and their resources - Pizarro took over Incan civilization - Create new spain and a period of colonization - Acculturation: social structure in new spain - As time progressed, unique social structure developed - Born into class - Hierarchical classes - Culture based on eurocentrism and racism - Spaniards were those who held political and military positions - Men appointed by the Spanish roman catholic church - Easy to create agriculturally based culture - Creoles= local - People who lived within the colonies - Lesser of social standing than Spaniards - Mesito/Mulatto - Native Europeans and African and Europeans - Usu |
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English Colonies in North America
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- John Cabot
- Claimed eastern Canada for England - Disappeared at sea in 1498 - All explorers has to have understanding of navigation, had to have ability to rally their means for explorations, position in society to which they were trusted because it is an investment of the state - Pull factors are settlements, developing slave trade economies, resource extraction in US and Britain - Lack of coordination between explorations, who would benefit? - Different colonies had different purposes - Re education, civilization of indigenous groupings - Sir Walter Raleigh - Understand the specific people responsible for exploration and colonies - Focusing on developing colony to establish religious practices, find resources to send back to mother country, and create relationships with aboriginals - Receives charter from Queen Elizabeth I - Roanoke - Established by small group of settlers in 1585 - Colony fails in 1586 to lack of food and violent confrontation with first nations - John White - |
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Empire Building: New Spain
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- After Columbus arrived in Caribbean, established himself as governor in the name of Spanish king
- This is beginning of “la conquista” The Conquest - The Conquistadores were given name because they were vicious and merciless - Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro - Cortes and his army invaded anztec civilization - Learned from the technology, the calendar, and their resources - Pizarro took over Incan civilization - Create new spain and a period of colonization - Acculturation: social structure in new spain - As time progressed, unique social structure developed - Born into class - Hierarchical classes - Culture based on eurocentrism and racism - Spaniards were those who held political and military positions - Men appointed by the Spanish roman catholic church - Easy to create agriculturally based culture - Creoles= local - People who lived within the colonies - Lesser of social standing than Spaniards - Mesito/Mulatto - Native Europeans and African and Europeans - Usu |
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Imperialism
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Imperialism
- Imperialism is the process of establshing economic control and domination of another territory - Can lead to cultural domination - Example would be the mongols and the egyption expansion outward - Can be internal or international |
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European Colonialism in southeast asia
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- Thailand portgugal spain great britain franch netherlands
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Colonialism
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- Socioeconomic expansion of a nation into a different territory
- For economic, extractive industry purposes |
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Exploration, annexation, surveyance, expropriation
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- Different colonial government
- Police (europena command-native police - Army (european and natives) - European andministration and native service - Why is it important to employ aboriginals |
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Mercantilism
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own domestic economy and protecting what is yours
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Eurocentrism
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viewing the world from a european perspective and promoting european values
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Ethnocentrism
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viewing world from a known culture perspective and promoting those values and beleifs as preeminent
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Racism
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beleifs that certain races and people are surperier to others
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Social Darwinism
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application of the pnciple of survival of the fittest to social interaction
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Socail dengeneration
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european term used to describe european assimilation into a non european culture
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Missionarism
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eurocentric view that non europeans needed to be civilized
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Indentured Service
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people are bounded by long term labour contracts
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Conscripted Labour
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forced labour
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Genocide
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deliberate killing of large group of people
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White mans burden
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belief tha blacks asians were sub human, considered animals or savages, burden to educate them because they don’t know any better
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Tecumsheh’s Rebellion 1808-1811
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- Like pontiac before him, Tecumseh united native tribes against American expansion westward
- Born in late 1760’s, Tecumseh was a Shawnee from the ohio river velly - 1780s his father, two brothers were killed in battles with American settlers - Tecomsef led natives in their fights against emerican land claims - His brother know and the prophet led spiritual movements - Movement known as reactionary: a call to turn against European ways - 1700s enlightenment and French revolution - Radicalism moderates reactionaries - Tecumseh appealed to tribes west of the Appalachians to organize against American expansion - During 1800s hundreds of natives assemboled in Indiana territory - US army viewed this as a threat - Series of wars that occurs - Implication of wars, most of the time we are talking about arrows, axes vs rifles, shotguns - Result, failed and were forced to sign treaties |
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US Westward Expansion
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- Settlement in eastern part was due to proximity to UK and Europe, reason it developed southward was for trade, ports, transportation of goods, and soil and climate
- Great lakes and hudsons bay area because of trade competition the fur trade - Old northwest territory - Expansion by colonies, propaganda, railroad - Lewis and Clark expedition - Focused on expanding for minerals, gold, territory, communicating with aboriginals for trade - Sacajawea - Zebulon Pike - Stephan long - The Monroe doctrine - Allows british to create their own policies and practices that are separate to imperial power - Significance in sovereignty-means ability to implement and practice your own policies without opposing powers - Manifest Destiny - Creates belief system where the united states feel they are entitled to expand - Politicians argue that Iraq Afghanistan ect are mad because they think these are both examples of the manifest destiny - Region was first annexed by the Spanish (Mexican American war 1845 |
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Antebellum and Postbellum America: 19th century
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- Antebellum=pre war
- Postbellum=after war - Historical divide: the US civil war - 1861-1865 - Southern region was conservative, and very much for slavery, colonized practices - North they were more liberal – british loyalists - Manifest Destiny - Mexican American war - The US civil War - People in north were Americans - Confederates in the south-racist, redneck - Manifest Destiny - Ideology for expansion - Mexican American war is a geopolitical boundary - United states expands and relocates in that specific area US Civil War - 13 colonies governed under conservatives - Conservatives very much for slavery - Democrats believed declaration of independents have to apply to everyone - Geographically speaking southern were more conservative - Military reaction to different views or unrest in the country - Civil war also known as political doctrine not just slavery - Confederates were southern and conservative demographic, they did not support the idea of confederation nor did t |
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French Empires
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- Ancient Regime
- Third Republic |
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North America 1763
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- Ruissian america
- Great lakes - New spain - Alaska - Eastern canada - Island in eastern carribean - Southern america |
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British Empire
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- The sun never sets on the British Empire
- Into parts of central and south america - North america and eastern south region of US - Large proportion in africa - Specifically eastern to southern regions - Into saudi arabia and middle east - India and south pacific - Australia |
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Russian Empire
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- Present day union of states
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German Empire
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- Germany
- Regions in africa - Very staggered - No strong hold in terms of expansionism |
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Scramble for Africa
European Colonialism in southeast asia - Thailand portgugal spain great britain franch netherlands |
Scramble for Africa
European Colonialism in southeast asia - Thailand portgugal spain great britain franch netherlands |
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Colonialism
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- Socioeconomic expansion of a nation into a different territory
- For economic, extractive industry purposes |
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SPP:
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The Security and prosperity Partnership of North America, 2006
Promoting growth, Competitiveness and Quality of Life |
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The US civil war, 1861—1865
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A war over the states’ rights in relation to history. (Over 600 000 Americans died)
-Conservatives were for slavery, textiles, cotton etc. Conservatives broke away to become Republicans and Democrats. -South still wanted slavery. Civil war broke out, means that two groups politically disagree in something. South was Conservative. Mexican American war is a geopolitical boundary affected by Manifest Destiny. Secession= A formal withdrawal or separation (Politically Separating). 1861: The USA -22 States in all, including the “Border States”; Slave States that didn’t secede. -Known as “The North”’ “The Union” or the “Federal Government”. 1861: The USA- 22 states in all including Border States; slave states didn’t secede. Known as “The North”, “The Union” or “The Federal Government”. Southern regions were for slavery even though the declaration of human rights have the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In the United States declaration it only a |
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Antebellum and Postbellum America: 19th Century Expansion-
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-Antebellum: Before war
-Postbellum: After war -Historical divide: The US Civil war -Southern US very religious, old fashioned, believed in Slavery -Northern US were British Royalists |
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Manifest Destiny
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Beginning in the 1840’s U.S. politicians began to suggest that it was the “manifest” (obvious) destiny that the USA would occupy all of North America: Mexico, Canada and Alaska would all eventually be annexed.
-The Mexican American War, 1845-1846: They fight for the United States as a sovereign nation. |
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-The Monroe Doctrine, 1823
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Established by the administration of President James Monroe, this doctrine asserted that foreign powers (specifically European) could no longer colonize the Americas or interfere with the political development of the sovereign nations of the Americas.
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1861: The USA
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22 States in all, including the “Border States”; Slave States that didn’t secede.
-Known as “The North”’ “The Union” or the “Federal Government”. 1861: The USA- 22 states in all including Border States; slave states didn’t secede. Known as “The North”, “The Union” or “The Federal Government”. Southern regions were for slavery even though the declaration of human rights have the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In the United States declaration it only applied to white people. Blacks in the United States were excluded from social and economic benefits. The CSA= the Confederate States of America. 11 States in all. Known as “The South” or “The Confederates”. Postbellum America- In the 50 years after the US Civil war a number of trends occur in America. Reconstruction- From 1865 to 1877 the Southern States are put under Martial Law (Military law) and re-admitted into the Union. Re-admitted into the Union. Westward Expansion-The US expands wes |
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Civil War
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- Expansionism
- Conflicts between northern and southern war - Manifest destiny - Monroe document - Thus creating civil war - Westward expansionism - Imperialism: uses racism ideological euro centrism social Darwinism as means - Significance if you justify your actions by your values or ideologies then your ideologies have to be suited to racism, social Darwinism, and degeneration - Levels of slavery and goals - Slavery is no choice, conscripted labor is no choice - Slavery is a lifestyle - Indentured a period of time or paid out - Conscripted is period of time as well usually for military service - During civil war plantation owners would sign up their slaves |
