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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Historically, what is crime defined as? |
"a violation of the law" |
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What is the modern understanding of law based on classical theory? |
Laws should exist when social harm occurs |
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Deviance is varied across what? Give an example. |
It is varied across space
Ex: Homosexuality in Iran results in punishment, but is legal to marry in Canada |
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How do definitions of crime change? |
Definitions of crime change dramatically in the same space over time. |
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What do Gottfredson and Hirschi define crime as? |
Crime is the use of force and fraud |
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What do Downes and Rock define crime as? |
They avoid a precise definition, and refer to "banned or controlled behavior which is likely to attract punishment or disapproval" |
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What is Pfohl's definition of deviation? |
Deviation is a violation of a social norm. It becomes apparent when a norm is broken because it causes a reaction to the behavior in question. |
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Does Pfohl's definition of deviance apply to hidden deviant behavior? |
Yes, because it would elicit a controlling reaction if someone saw the behavior in question. |
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Positivists believe in what 3 things? Is their definition of crime and deviance easy and straightforward? |
Absolutism (real), Objectivism (observable), Determinism (causal explanation).
Yes, it's easy for them to define crime and deviance. |
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What do constructionists believe in? Is their definition of crime and deviance straightforward and easy? |
Relativism (label), Subjectivism (experience), Voluntariasm (free will).
No, they believe the definitions are shades of grey, not black and white. |
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What is conformity? |
Adherence to norms |
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What is non-conformity? |
Normative violation without reaction |
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What is a normative violation with a controlling mechanism? (strong reaction to irritated) |
Deviance |
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What is a violation of codified law? |
Crime |
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Are all crimes deviant and is all deviance criminal? |
No |
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What is synopticism? |
When the masses take moral cues when looking at celebrities (according to Blackshaw and Crabbe) |
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Can deviance be situational? (Ie: a behavior is deviant in one place but not another) |
Yes (ex: fighting on the ice at a hockey game, but not outside in the parking lot) |
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What do Clark, Cornish and James Wilson do to crime theories? |
They dismiss crime theories without suggestions to controlling it. |
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What do Schur, Becker and Szaz argue when it comes to state interference and deviance? |
That more state interference often leads to more deviance (if branded a criminal, we might become one) |
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What are the three types of law? |
Administrative: relationships between individuals and the state (ie: labour relations, landlord and tenant relations)
Civil: arrangements between individuals (ie: contracts, property disputes)
Criminal: a form of public law that takes interest in objectivist-legalistic point of view (crime is what is defined by legal statues) |
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What is Becker's way of thinking when it comes to the "labelling theory" |
Believes that if society does not label (and thus create) the criminal label, then there is no criminal act. |
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In short, what is Michel Foucault's "moral regulation" about? |
The social regulation of behavior is not based on widespread social consensus but on moral regulation (a social process that defines what is right and what is wrong in society). |
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What do moral regulationists maintain? |
Maintain that people are self-regulated; their identities are shaped through their own morals and beliefs about what is right and wrong |
