Soci 202 Chapter 1-5 Of Racial And Etnic Groups

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Minority group/subordinate group

Back 1

group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members o a dominant majority group

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Five characteristics of a minority group

Back 2

unequal treatment, distinguishing physical or cultural traits, involuntary membership, awareness of subordination, and in-group marriage

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Racial group

Back 3

minorities and the corresponding majorities that are socially set apart because of obvious physical differences- the designation of a racial group emphasizes physical differences as opposed to cultural distinctions.

Front 4

Ethnic group

Back 4

ethnic groups are differentiated from the dominant group on the basis of cultural differences- national origin/ distinctive cultural patterns

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Racism

Back 5

the feeling that certain groups or races are inherently superior to others

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Dominant/majority groups

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a social group that controls the value system and rewards in a particular society

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Power of race/class

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power and privilege of the majority group

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Labeling theory

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an attempt to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant and others engaging in the same behavior are not

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Assimilation

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process by which a subordinate individual/grou takes on the characteristics of the dominant group & is eventually accepted as part of that group A + B + C --> A

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Fusion

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occurs when a minority and a majority group combine to form a new group A+B+C-->D

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Pluralism

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various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another's culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering prejudice/discrimination

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Ethnocentrism

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tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others

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Prejudice

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a negative attitude toward an entire category of people

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Discrimination

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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons

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Exploitation theory

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A Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism

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Stereotypes

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unreliable, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account

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Racial Profiling

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arbitrary police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or natural origin rather than a person's behavior

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Contact Hypothesis

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interactionist perspective stating that intergroup contact between people of equal status in noncompetitive circumstances will reduce prejudice

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Cultural relativism

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people should not judge on the basis of their own standards- each culture should be analyzed on their own terms

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Total Discrimination

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combination of current discrimination with past discrimination created by poor schools and menial jobs

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Institutional discrimination

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the denial of opportunities/equal rights to individuals/groups resulting from the normal operations of a society

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Dual Labor-market Model

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division of the economy into two areas of employment- the secondary one of which is populated primarily by minorities working at menial jobs

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Income gap between dominant/ minority groups

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-a result of inadequate schooling

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1964 Civil Rights Act

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prohibited different voting registration standards for White/Black voting applicants- prohibited discrimination in public accommodations & publicly owned facilities - forbade discrimination in all federally supported programs/institutions

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EEOC

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission- had the power to investigate complaints against employers and to recommend action to the Department of Justice

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Affirmative Action

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positive effort to recruit subordinate-group members, including women, for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities- issued by President Kennedy

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Glass Ceiling

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barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership

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Glass Walls

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barrier to moving laterally in a business to positions that are more likely to lead to upward mobility

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Immigration from 1880-1920

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raised to a high peak in 1900 and decreased sharply after 1920 as a result of the National Origins System

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Nativism

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beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants

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National Origins System

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measures drawn to block growing immigration from southern Europe/block all Asian immigrants- restrict entry privileges as a result of WWI- used nationality to determine whether a person could enter as a legal alien and the number of previous immigrants and their descendants was used to set the group's annual immigration cap

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1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act

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goal was to reunite families and to protect the American labor market- initiated restrictions on immigration from Latin America- immigration increased

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Brain Drain

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the immigration to the United States of skilled workers, professionals, and technicians who are desperately needed by their home countries

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Largest source of legal immigrants in America

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Used to be Europe- now Latin America

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Population growth/immigration in the United States

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US continues to accept large numbers of permanent immigrants/refugees- nations birthrate has decreased

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Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

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granted amnesty to illegal immigrants that could document they had long-term established residency in the US- hiring illegal aliens became illegal- most reduction of illegal immigration

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Refugee Status

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people living outside their country of citizenship for fear of political or religious persecution

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The Third Generation Principle

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Marcus Hansen's contention that ethnic interest and awareness increase in the third generation, among the grandchildren of immigrants

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White Ethnics

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refers to whites who are not of Anglo-Saxon Protestant background- generally refers to white immigrants from central, southern, and eastern Europe

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Ethnic paradox

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White ethnics enjoy their heritage but at the same time seek to assimilate into the larger society

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Symbolic Ethnicity

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Herbert Gran's term that describes emphasis on ethnic food/ ethnically associated political issues rather than deeper ties to one's heritage

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Denomination

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large, organized religion not officially linked with the state or government

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Civil Religion

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religious dimension in American life that merges the state with sacred beliefs

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Protestants and dominant religion in the United States

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diversely identified- liberals, moderates, conservatives, fundamentalists- members of middle class society and some college education

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Respectable Bigotry

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people that oppose white ethnics- prejudices

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Ethclass

Back 46

the recognition that ethnicity and social class are both important factors in determining an individual's life chances