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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deviance |
Breaking a norm |
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Crime |
Breaking a law |
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Solutions to Crime |
Rehabilitation Deterrence Imprisonment Restorative Justice Crime Prevention |
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ABC's of Deviance |
Attitudes: branded deviant through alternative attitudes and beliefs Behaviours: actions that are branded deviant Conditions: achieved or ascribed deviant status based on quality or conditions of life |
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Sources of Crime Statistics |
1. Canadian Uniform Crime Reports 2. Self-Report Surveys 3. Victimization Surveys |
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Problem with Canadian Uniform Crime Reports |
Does not account for unreported crimes Overreprresetation of violent crimes Authorities and the wider public determine which crime statistics are significant to report |
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Problem with Victimization Surveys |
Information about victims but no offenders |
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4 Components of the Criminal Code |
Politicality Specificity Uniformity Penal Sanctions |
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Problem with Self Report Surveys |
Majority of Canadians have engaged in criminal activity |
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Sociological Perspective of Deviance |
There is a social audience Deviance is restricted to time and place |
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Requirements of a Norm |
1. People know they exist 2. Acceptance 3. Enforcement 4. Think they are important 5. Back them up with law 6. Adherance to them in public and private life |
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Character Status vs. Entrance Status |
Character Status: French and British commanding greater power than Entrance Status groups (other immigrants) |
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Why does Race matter? |
It allows forms of social inequality to be created and perpetuated through differential treatment and power |
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Characteristics of Ethnicity |
1. Unique Cultural Traits 2. Sense of Community 3. Ascribed membership 4. Territoriality (Association with a specific geographic location |
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Race and Symbolic Interactionists |
Race and ethnic labels are developed through a process of negotiation: - Members of a group may have an identity, but outsiders can impose new labels - Group members reject, accept, ormodfy label - Negotiation between insiders and outsiders results in the crystallization of a new ethnic identity - If social context changes, negotiation begins again |
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Majority vs Minority Groups |
Majority/Dominant group: advantaged and has superior resources and rights Minority/Subordinate group: members are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant |
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Four Types of Racism |
Overt Racism: public gestures or statements reinforcing the inferiority of members of a racial or ethnic group Polite Racism: disguising a dislike of others through behaviour that is outwardly prejudicial Subliminal racism: is a form of subconscious racism that occurs when there is a conflict of values (I’m not racist, but…) Institutionalized racism: is made up of rules, procedures and practices which may directly or indirectly promote, sustain or entrench differential advantage or privilege for dominant members (we treat everyone the same here) |
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Vertical Mosaic vs. Multiculturalism |
Vertical Mosaic: Canada's ethnic groups are vertically arranged to income, power, and prestige Multiculturalism: a wholesome mixing of ethnic groups, an equality among peoples of distinct cultural heritages |
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Stereotype vs. Prejudice vs. Discrimination |
Stereotype: Overgeneralizations Prejudice: Negative attitudes based on overgeneralizations Discrimination: actions by dominant groups that have a harmful impact on subordinate groups |
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Theories of Prejudice |
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: frustration causes people to respond with aggression towards constructed scapegoats Symbolic Interactionist: prejudices result from socialization Authoritarial Personality: in highly prejudiced individuals; characterized by excessive conformity, sbmissibeess, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid stereotyping |
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De Jure vs. De Facto |
De Jure: legal discrimination which is encoded in law De Facto: informal discrimination which is entrenched in social customs and institutions |
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Four Accomodations of Attitudes and Responses (Robert Merton) |
Unprejudiced non discriminators: are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others; equality for all. Unprejudiced discriminators: may have no personal prejudices but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political or social interests Prejudiced non discriminator: hold personal prejudices but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands or a desire for profits Prejudiced discriminators: hold personal prejudices and actively discriminate against others |
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Race and Functionalist Perspective |
Assimilation: ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture - culture: adopt traits - structural: acceptance through constant interaction - biological: marriage - psychological: change in self-identification Ethnic Pluralism: equal coexistence of a bunch of ethnic groups in one society Inequalitarian Pluralism: unequal coexistence and segregation from dominant group - Segregation: separation by race and ethnicity |
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Race and Conflict Perspective |
Experiences of internally colonialized groups 1. forced to exist in a foreign society 2. kept out of the mainstream/dominant society 3. attacks on their own culture Split Labour Market Theory members of the capitalist class benefit from the exploitation of visible minorities - white workers in the upper tier may use racial discrimination to protect their positions |
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Race and Feminist Perspective |
Gendered Racism: interactive effect of racism and sexism in the exploitation of women of color |
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Race and Postmodern Perspective |
Racial identities are a conequence of personal choice and subjective identification Racist Discourse: media that portrays racial power against a minority group |
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Critical Race Theory |
Racism is an ingrained feature of North American society Interest convergence is a crucial factor in bringing social change Canadian laws are used as mechanisms to ensure racial progress occurs at the right pace |
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Ethnic groups in Canada |
Aboriginal Groups - Genocide, forced migration, assimilation - <1 million - As the first occupants of this country, aboriginals on reserves are limited in almost all opportunities The Quebecois - First Europeans to immigrate to Canada Canada's Multicultural Minorities - Approx. 6 million |
