Sociology Soc101 Chapter 1-6

Front 1

What stresses the social contexts in which people live

Back 1

Sociological perspective

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A group of people who share a culture and a territory

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Society

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the corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society

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Social location

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requires the development of theories that can be tested by systematic research

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Science

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the study of society

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sociology

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Who is often credited with being the founder of sociology? Why?

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Auguste Comte

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Who proposed that workers unite in revolution and throw off their chains of bondage resulting in a classless society - people will work according to their capabilities and receive according to their needs (classic conflict).

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Karl Marx

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Who identifies Social integration?

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Emile Durkheim

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the degree to which people are tied to thier social group, as a key social factor in suicide - people who have weaker social ties are more likely to commit suicide

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Social integration

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From Drukheim's study of suicide, we see what principle as being central in his research?

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Human behavior cannot be understood simply in individualistic terms; we must always examine the social forces that affect people's lives

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Whose idea was, "Religion was the key factor in the rise of capitalism."

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Max Weber

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___________ ______________are based on certain basic core assumptions, or basic metaphysical, epistemological and moral premises, about the nature of the social world.

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sociological theories

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What are some major sociological research methods used?

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Surveys, observation, experiment, and analysis of existing data

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Society is made up of interdependent parts that perform functions for society as a whole

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Functionalist perspective

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The majority agree on what would be good for everybody

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Under the functionalist perspective, it is believed that society is held together by social consensus. What is it?

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Portrays society as always changing and marked by conflict

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Conflict perspective

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A micro view of society - people assign meanings to each other's words and actions - our response to a person's actions is determined by our subjective interpretation of that action

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Symbolic interactionist perspective

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The researcher takes part in the group they are studying

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participant observation

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What are the three primary theoretical frameworks?

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Symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory

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_________ ______________concentrates on the meanings that underlie people's lives (usually focuses on the micro level)

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symbolic interactionism

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_________ _________stresses that society is made up of various parts that, when working properly, contribute to the stability of society (focuses on the macro level)

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functional analysis

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stresses inequalities and sees the basis of social life as a competitive struggle to gain control over scarce resources (also focuses on the macro level)

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conflict theory

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sociology that is used to solve social problems

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applied sociology

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A factor that causes a change in another variable

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independent variable

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a factor that is changed by an independent variable

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dependent variable

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a feeling of trust between researchers and subjects

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rapport

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individuals among a target population

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samples

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what people do when they are in one another's presence

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social interaction

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the scientific study of society and human behaviour

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sociology

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The _____ ______ stresses the social contexts in which people are immersed and that influence their lives.

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sociological perspective

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Who was the first African American to earn a doctrate at Harvard?

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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Who was concerned about social injustice & wrote about race relations?

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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Who taught sociology for most of their career at Atlanta University?

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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Who was the founder of Hull House - a settlement house in the immigrant community of Chicago

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Jane Addams

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Who in 1931, was a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize?

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Jane Addams

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An Englishwoman who published Society in America decades before either Durkheim or Weber was born?

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Harriet Martineau

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Scientific research follows eight basic steps, what are they?

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Selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing the literature, formulating a hypothesis, choosing a research method, collecting the data, analyzing the results, and sharing the results

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A step of scientific research that involves collecting data by having people answer a series of questions?

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surveys

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When everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study, this is called what?

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random sample

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people who respond to a survey

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respondents

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A question in which the respondent selects one answer from a list of possible answers?

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close-ended questions

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A question in which the respondents answer the questions in their own words

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open-ended questions

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How people use symbols to develop their views of the world and to communicate with one another is the definition of what?

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Symbolic interactionists

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What is the central idea of functional analysis?

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Society is a whole unit; it is made up of interrelated parts that work together

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What do functionalists say we need to look at to understand society?

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Structure (how the parts of a society fit together to make the whole) and function (what each part does, how it contributes to society)

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What do conflict theorists stress?

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Society is composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources

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A step of scientific research that involves a statement of what you expect to find according to predictions that are based on a theory?

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hypothesis

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precise ways to measure variables?

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operational definitions

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the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next?

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culture

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such things as jewelry, art, buildings, weapons, machines, hairstyles and clothing?

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material culture

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a group's way of thinking (beliefs and values) and doing (common patterns of behavior: language, gestures, interaction)?

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nonmaterial culture

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the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life?

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culture shock

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a tendency to use our own group's ways of doing things as the yardstick for judging others

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ethnocentrism

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trying to understand a culture on its own terms - looking at how the elements of a culture fit together without judging those elements as superior or inferior to one's own way of life

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cultural relativism

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another name for nonmaterial culture - its central component is the symbols that people use

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symbolic culture

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using one's body to communicate with others - shorthand ways to convey messages without using words

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gestures

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symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought

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language

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Our ability to speak provides us with what?

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a social past and future - language allows culture to develop

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rather than objects and events forcing themselves onto our consciousness, it is our language that determines our consciousness, and hence our perception, of objects and events?

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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ideas of what is desirable in life - standards by which people define what is good and bad, beautiful and ugly

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values

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rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values

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norms

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norms that are not strictly enforced

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folkways

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norms that we think of as essential to our core values and insist on conformity

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mores

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a norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion

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taboo

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a world within the larger world of the dominant culture

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subculture

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tools and the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools

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technology

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an emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life

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new technology

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not all parts of a culture change at the same pace, when some part of a culture changes, other parts lag behind?

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What is cultural lag and who coined the term?

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Who coined the term "cultural lag?"

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William Ogburn

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Who pointed out, "a group's material culture usually changes first, with the nonmaterial culture lagging behind."

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William Ogburn

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during contacts with other groups people learn from one another, adapting some part of the other's way of life - groups are most open to a change in their technology or material culture

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cultural diffusion

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the entire human environment including direct contact with others?

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social environment

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when people learn to be members of the human community through human contact

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socialization

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the picture that we have of how others see us, our image of who we are

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self

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Who coined the term 'looking-glass self'?

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Charles Horton Cooley

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What refers to the process by which our self develops thruogh internalizing others' reactions to us?

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looking-glass self

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What are the three elements of the "looking-glass self"?

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1. We imagine how we appear to those around us; 2. We interpret others' reactions; 3. We develop a self-concept

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When does the development of the "self" end?

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Never - it is never a finished project, but is always in process

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What do childern learn during play?

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to "take the role of the other" - to put themselves in someone else's shoes, to understand how someone else feels and thinks and to anticipate how that person will act

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individuals who significantly influences one's life, such as parents or siblings

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significant others

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What are the three stages of "taking the role of others"?

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1. Imitation (under 3 years old); 2. Play (3 - 6 years old); 3. Games

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factors such as social class and people's roles in groups underlie their behavior

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central principle of sociology

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What is being referred to with the following phrase: society within you

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socialization

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expecting different attitudes and behaviors from us because we are male or female

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gender socialization

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individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests

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peer group

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forms of communication that are directed to large audiences

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mass media

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people and groups that influence our orientations to life

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agents of socialization

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learning to play a role before entering it

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anticipatory socialization

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learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behavior to match their new situation in life

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resocialization

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a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and where they come under almost total control of the officials who run the place

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total institution

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stages of life (from birth to death)

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life course

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places the focus on broad features of society

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macrosociology

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the emphasis is place on social interaction, what people do when they come together

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microsociology

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what people do when they come together

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social interaction

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the typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers

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social structure

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the position that someone occupies

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status

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involuntary - you inherit an ascribed status at birth at are also given to you later in life

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ascribed status

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voluntary - you earn or accomplish as a result of your efforts

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achieved status

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signs that identify a status

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status symbols

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one that cuts across the other statuses that one holds

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master status

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a contradiction or mismatch between their statuses

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status inconsistency

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the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

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roles

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What is the difference between roles and status?

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What is the difference between roles and status?

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consists of people who regularly interact with one another

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group

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the ways that each society develops to meet its basic needs

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social institutions

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depend on hunting and gathering for their survival - fewest social divisions - most egalitarian

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hunting and gathering societies

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based on the pasturing of animals

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pastoral societies

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based on the cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools

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horticultural societies

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many more people were able to engage in activities other than farming - to develop the things popularly known as culture

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agricultural societies

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far more efficient than anything the world had ever seen

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industrial societies

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one based on information, services, and the latest technology rather than on raw materials and manufacturing

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postindustrial (information) societies

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an economy that centers on the application of genetic structures - both plant and animal - for the production of food and medicine

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bioeconomic society

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people who perform similar tasks develop a shared consciousness, a sense of similarity that unites them into a common whole

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mechanical solidarity

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like organs - people perform different taks but depend on one another to make the whole

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organic solidarity

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the efforts to manage the impressions that other receive of us

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impression management

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those characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation

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primary groups

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based on some interest or activity, and their members are likely to interact on the basis of specific statuses

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secondary groups

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many are ruled by a few

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oligarchy

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groups to which we feel loyalty

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in-groups

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those toward which we feel antagonism

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out-groups

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groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves

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reference groups

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clusters of people, internal factions

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cliques

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the links between people

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social network

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no other form of social organization is more efficient

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bureaucracies

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What is the corporate culture of U.S. compared to Japan?

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U.S. - individualism, job shopping/hopping, work has set hours, perform on job, make decision on own; Japan - teamwork, lifetime security, work is like a marriage, broa training, decision by consensus

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how groups influence us and how we affect groups

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group dynamics

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few enough members that each one can directly interact with all the other members

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small group

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smallest possible group, a group of 2 people

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dyad

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group of 3 people

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Triad

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What makes something deviant?

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it is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant

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any violation of norms

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deviance

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characteristics that discredit people

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stigma

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a group's customary social arrangements

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social order

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formal and informal means of enforcing norms

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social control

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ranges from frowns and gossip to imprisonment and capital punishment

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negative sanctions

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from smiles to formal awards

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positive sanctions

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inborn tendencies; in this context, to commit deviant acts

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genetic predispositions

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the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms

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personality disorders

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we learn to deviate or conform to society's norms by the different groups we associate with

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differential association

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two control systems work against our motivations to deviate

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control theory

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What are the control systems?

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inner controls - internalized mobility; outer controls - people

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the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into deviance or conformity

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labeling theory

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What are the 5 techniques of neutralization?

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1. denial of responsibility; 2. denial of injury; 3. denial of a victim; 4. condemnation of the condemners; 5. appeal to higher loyalties

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What do labels do?

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open and close doors of opportunity

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According to functionalists, deviance is functional to society because it contributes to the social order by:

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1. clarifying moral boundaries and affirming norms; 2. promoting social unity; 3. promoting social change

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legitimate ways of achieving success

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institutionalized means

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when people strive to achieve cultural goals but are not presented with institutionalized means of getting there which may result in deviance

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strain theory

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crimes that people of respectable and hgih social status commit in the course of their occupations

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white-collar crime

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How do conflict theorists explain deviance?

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the position in power (the capitalist class) imposes its definitions of deviance on other groups (working calss and marginal working class)