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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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According to Weber what is the goal of sociology
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To explain social action
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What does "verstehen" mean
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Sympathetic understanding
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What is social action
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Anything a person does consciously because of other people. for example being polite
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What is social interaction
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Two or more people taking one another into account
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According to Hall what are the three elements that define the context of a social interaction
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1 the physical setting or place
2 the social environment 3 activities surrounding the interaction |
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What is garfinkel's "ethnomethodology"
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The study of the sets of rules that guide individuals behaviour.
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What's the best way to find the rules
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Break them
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What is Goffmans "dramaturgy"
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In order to create an impression people play roles. their performances judged by others who alert to any slip that might reveal the afters true character.
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According to Goffman what are the two major goals of impression management
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We want to be like and we want to be perceived as competent.
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What are some types of social interaction
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Nonverbal behavior
exchange cooperation conflict and competition |
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Social interaction: exchange
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When people do something for each other with the purpose of receiving a reward or return
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Social interaction: cooperation
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when people act together to promote common interests or achieve shared goals
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Social interaction: conflict
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a person's gain is another person's last. Incompatible values or limited resources. The stronger party and poses a little on the weaker
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Social interaction: competition
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a form of conflict in which individuals or groups confine their conflict within agreed-upon rules
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What is a status
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Socially defined positions that people occupy
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Master status
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The most important status that dominates the others
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Ascribed status
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Statuses you're born with
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Achieved statuses
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statuses you've earned
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What are roles
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culturally defined rules for proper behavior that are associated with every status
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what are role sets
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All the roles attached to a single status
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Role strain
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Conflicting demands attached to a single roll. for example a professor has to teach service and research
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role conflict
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Conflicting demands due to several roles of different statuses. for example being a student wife mother daughter church member
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Role play
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Berger the roles we play can transform our actions as well as ourselves.
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Collective behavior
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relatively spontaneous social actions that occur when people respond to unstructured and ambiguous situations. for example when there's a fire or riots fashions
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fads
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Social changes with the very short life spans Marc by Rapids spread and an abrupt drop in popularity. for example Furbies Tamagotchis
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Fashions
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They spread more slowly and last longer than fads. They're the standards of dress or manners and a given society at a certain time.
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What does Kroger say about fashions
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In terms of great stress fashions change radically and peaceful times the cycle last hundreds of years
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What does Simmel say about fashions
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Changes and fashions are introduced by the upper class. Those immediately blow them observing adopt to identify themselves as upper class. This process repeats and move down the class letter until it becomes commonplace and the upper class adopt new fashions.
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Rumors
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Its information that is shared informally and spreads quickly through a mass or crowd. creates ambiguity regarding truth and it's hard to verify. Rumors are regarded as public issues in contrast to gossip
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Public opinion
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The beliefs held by a dispersed collectivities of individuals about a common problem interest focus or activities. so basically what people care about or believe.
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Mass hysteria
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It occurs when a large number of people are overwhelmed with an emotional and friends activity or they become convinced that they have experienced something which investigators can find no discernable evidence. For example aliens are attacking the earth soon or the end of the world is coming
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Panic
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And uncoordinated group flight from perceived danger. For example of fire in a crowded theater
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Janis for conditions causing panic
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1 feeling trapped in a life-threatening situation
2 feeling little can be done enter 3 feeling limited access to escape 4 loss of communication between the front and the rear of crowds |
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Social group
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Consists of a number of people who have a common identity, some feeling of unity, and certain common goals and shared norms
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Social aggregate
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Made up of people who temporarily happen to be in physical proximity to each other but share little else
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Primary group
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A group in which members have an emotional investment in one another, know each other intimately, and interactive total individuals rather than specialized roles
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Secondary group
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A group that has specific goals, is formally organized, and is impersonal
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What are the two types of leaders
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Instrumental leadership: goal-oriented leader
expressive leadership: people-oriented leaders |
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How does one bad apple spoil whole group
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The others in the group will be like them
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What are the three types of bad apples in a group
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The jerk: attacks and insults others
the slacker: little contribution the depressive pessimist: views the task as unpleasant boring that's the group has the ability to succeed |
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What is the best predictor of how a group will perform
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What the worst member is like
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Reference group
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A group or social category that an individual uses to help define the leaves, attitudes, and the values and to guide behavior.
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A positive reference group
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The group we want to follow
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And negative reference group
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The group we do not want to follow
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Small groups
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The group that actually meet together and contains few enough members so that all members know one another
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Dyad
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2 people
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Triad
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3 people
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What is simile about dyads
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The loss of one member destroys the group
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What is Simmel say about triads
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uncertainty: the possibility of two against one but one can help resolve the quarrels between the other two
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Subgroups
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Sponger groups within a larger group. Once a group has more than five to seven people spontaneous conversation becomes difficult
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Associations
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Purposely created special interest groups that have clearly defined goals and official ways of doing things
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Associations: formal structure
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Bureaucracy
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Associations: informal structure
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Networks of people who help one another by bending rules and taking procedural shortcuts
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Tonnies
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Gemeinschaft
Gesellschaft |
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Gemeinschaft
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Communities where relationships are intimate , cooperative, personal, and informal
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Gesellschaft
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Large societies where relationships are impersonal and independent with formal contract. I it grew out of industrialization
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Durkheim: Collective conscience
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a system of fundamental beliefs and values that define the characteristics of a good society
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Durkheim: social solidarity
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An emergence of people's commitment and conformity to the Society's collective conscience
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Durkheim: mechanically integrated society
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A small society where everyone has the same jobs lifestyles and beliefs. A socites collective conscious of strong. Because there is a great commitment to that collective conscience
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Durkheim: organically integrated society
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A large society. due to the division of labor people have different jobs lifestyles and different beliefs. This diversity leads to the Society's collective conscience being weak. People have less commitment to that collective conscience
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bureaucracy
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Formal rational e organized social structure with clearly defined patterns of activity in which every series of actions is functional related to the purpose of the organization
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What are the 6 characteristics of bureaucracy you according to Weber
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1 a clear-cut division of labor
2 hierarchy G delegation of power and responsibility 3 rules and regulation 4 impersonal 5 employment based on technical qualifications 6 distinction between public and private spheres |
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Michael's: the iron law of oligarchy
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formal organizations of bureaucracies inveitably lead to oligarchy. They start out idealistic and democratic eventually becoming dominated by a small self-serving group of people who achieve positions of power and responsibility
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Social institutions
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The patterns social relationships or activities that fulfill society's fundamental needs. For example family economics politics education religious. Consist of actions
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Social group
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the collection of pacific identify local people.
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Deviance
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Deviant behavior is behavior that fails to conform to the rules or norms of the group
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What are the dysfunctions of deviance
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1 it makes social life difficult and unpredictable
2 causes people to be confused about norms and values of a society 3 undermines trust 4 diverts valuable resources |
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What are functions of deviance
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a social group becomes united in response
deviant act focuses people's attention on the value of the group it offers members an opportunity to read dictate themselves to their social controls |
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What is the mechanism of social control
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Ways of directing are influencing members behavior to conform to the group's values and norms. internal: operates on the individual even the absence of the reactions of others
External: consist of other people's responses to a person's behavior rewards and punishments |
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Positive sanctions
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Actions that encourage the individual to continue acting in a certain
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Negative sanctions
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Actions that discourage the repetition or continuation of the behavior
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Formal sanctions
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Applied in public ritual usually under the direct or indirect control of the authorities
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Informal sanctions
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Actions by group members that arise to spontaneously with little or no formal direction. For example gossip vertical or congratulations
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Lombroso
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Examining schools of criminals he decided that criminals were evolution throwbacks his behavior was more a black than human. They ordering my instincts.
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Biological theories of deviance: Hooten
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Analyze the height weight and body shape, nose and ears of criminals. He decided the criminals were biologically inferior
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Biological theories of deviance: Sheldon
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He tried to find connection between personality and body type. Three types of human shapes endomorphic : soft and relax
ectomorphic: Finn and linear there secretive and refrained metamorphic: muscular assertive and |
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Biological theories deviance: chromosomal anomaly
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XYY chromosomes. debunked
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biological theories of deviance: Mednick
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the theory of inherited criminal tendencies.
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Psychological theories of deviance
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Emphasis on the role of parents in early childhood experiences or behavioral conditioning
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Psychoanalytic theory
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Freud's it ego and superego. The unconscious of a person causes them to commit deviant acts
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Psychological theories of deviance: behavioral theories
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People just their behaviour in response to rewards and punishments so their deviant behaviour rewarded
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psychological theories of deviance: crying as an individual choice
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Individual behaviour is the result of rational choice where the reward is greater than the cost
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Sociological theories of deviance: Durkheims anomie Theory
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Anomie: the condition of normal snooze where values and norms have little impact and the culture no longer has adequate guidelines for behavior
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Sociological theories of deviance: Merton strain theory
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Deviance project either the goals or the means of society
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Merton: Types of people
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1 conformist: they accept the goals and accept the means
2 innovators: accept the goals reject the means 3 ritualist: reject the goals accept the means 4 retreatists: reject the goals reject the means 5 rebels: tear down the old ones and establish new ones |
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Social logical theories of deviance: Hirschi control theory
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the absence of social control causes deviance. People are free to violate norms if they lack intimate attachments with parents teachers and peers
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Hirschi 4 ways for people to become bonded to society
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1 attachment to others
2 a commitment to conformity 3 involvement in conventional activities 4 a belief in the moral validity of social rules |
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Hirschi and Gottfredson
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People with high self-control are less likely to commit crime. The source of loss of control is an ineffective parenting
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Neutralization
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A process that makes it possible for people to justify illegal or deviant behaviour
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5 techniques of neutralization
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1 denial of responsibility
2 denying the injury 3 denial of the victim 4 condemnation of the authorities 5 appealing to higher principles or authorities |
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Social logical theories of deviance: Cultural transmission theory
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Delinquent behaviors are learned mostly in the context of peer group
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Social theories of deviance: Lemert labeling theory
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The person comes to be labeled as deviant and the consequences of such labeling for the individual
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Three factors affecting labeling process
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1 the importance of the violated norms
2 the social identity of the individuals 3 the social context |
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Labeling theory: primary deviance
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original behavior that leads to putting the label on an individual
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Labeling theory: secondary deviance
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The behaviors that individuals developed as a result of having been labeled as a deviant person
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The emergence of law
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1 the consensus approach: laws are formal version of norms and values
2 the conflict approach: the elite use their power to support their own interests |
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crime
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Behavior that violates of society's legal code
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Violent crime
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Crime that may result in injury to a person
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Property crime
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Crime with the intent of greeting property but without the use of force
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Two classes of offences
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Felonies: offensive punishable by a year or more in state prison
misdemeanors smaller offenses of the law |
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Uniform Crime Reports
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Provided by the FBI period for monthly and annual reports from law enforcement agencies throughout the country. Consist of a crimes homicide forcible rape robbery aggravated assault burglary larceny theft, motor vehicle theft and arson
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National Crime Victimization Survey
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Collects information on crimes suffered by individuals and household. Detailed information on the frequency and nature of crimes.
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Kinds of crime in the US: juvenile crime
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The breaking of criminal laws by individuals younger than the age 18. treat not punish confidentiality but with little success
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Kinds of crime in the US: violent crime
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The number of violent crimes continue to go down. 70% of rape and sexual assault victims know the fenders. The US has one of the highest homicide rates in the industrialized world
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Property crime
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Crime against the property where the victim is not confronted. 75% of all crimes in the US.
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Kinds of crime in the US: white collar crime
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the acts of individuals who, why occupying positions of social responsibility or high prestige, break the laws in the course of their work for the purpose of the legal personal or organizational gains.
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kinds of crime us: victimless crime
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access violate these laws meant to enforce the moral code. Illegal drugs drinking gambling
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Victims of crime
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Tend to be males, younger people, African American, and people with low income rates has the highest violent crime victimization rates
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The criminal justice system
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Three main categories the police the courts and the prisons
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The police
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Federal state and local. Historically young white male high school education
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The courts
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Do court system. Federal and state courts. But 85% of all criminal cases are tried and state courts
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What are the four goals imprisonment
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1 separate criminals from society
2 punish criminal behavior 3 deter criminal behavior 4 rehabilitate criminals |
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In effectiveness of rehabilitation
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Cultural transmission: obey the laws is not highly valued in the society of inmates
labeling theory: 1 people are labeled as deviant they will be conformed to that table |
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The funnel effect
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Many crimes are committed but few people ever seem to be punished. Less than 50% are reported to Police and among them 26% lead to an arrest
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Stratification systems
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Rosary quality there's open stratification systems. There are two ways to put people in different levels based on ascribes statuses or based on their achieved statuses
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The caste system
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Rigid form of stratification based on scribes characteristics that determine the person's prestige, occupation, residence, and social relationships for example India.
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The Estate system
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The closest Tim stratification which a person social position is defined by law and membership is primarily by inheritance. For example medieval Europe
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Class system
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A society that has several social classes and permit social mobility is based on a class system of stratification. Mobility can be upward or downward
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Intergenerational mobility
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Movement from one generation to the next. For example the grandfathers a farmer the father is a teacher the Sun is the CEO
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Intragenerational mobility
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the movement within one person's lifetime through social classes
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Social class
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Social class consist of a category of people who share similar economic and vocational positions, similar opportunities, similar lifestyles and similar attitudes and behavior
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Upper class
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12 piece of pie for class. The upper upper: old money. And the lower upper: new money
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Upper middle class
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Educated professionals
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Middle middle class
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Clerical and sales positions small business owners and semi professionals. High School and some call community college degree
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Lower middle class
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Skilled and semi skilled manual labor craft people. Grade school some or all high school
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Lower class
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Unskilled labor and service work. Private households working farm labor. Grade school
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Income distribution
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The top 5% have 21% of the wealth
the highest 20% have 50% of the wealt. The lowest 20% has 3% of the wealth |
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Family income distribution
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The top 5% have over $200,000 a year
the highest 20% have over 113,000 The lowest 20% of below $26,000 a year |
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Causes of Income inequality
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1 unskilled workers have been losing jobs go overseas
2 the current economy requires highly skilled and educated people 3 the US tax code makes it possible for the wealthy to keep more of their earnings 4 A rising share of national income has been going to the corporation what a portion to go to the workers has declined |
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Americans tend to believe what about income inequality
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But the most important thing is the opportunity to move out for other than equity. if you're well off you earned it if you're poor you did not take advantage of opportunities available to you.
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The poverty line
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For one person with the income of $11,000
2 people $15,000 3 people $19,000 four people $23,000 5 people $27,000 6 people $30,000 7 people $34,000 8 people $38,000 |
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Feminization of poverty
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31.6% of single women with children are living below the poverty line.
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Myths about the poor
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1 people are poor because they're too lazy to work
2 welfare programs are straining on the federal budget |
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The changing face of poverty
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22% of children live in poverty
+ 9% of people 65 and older live in poverty which is the opposite of what used to be |
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Consequences of social stratification
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The difference in education
difference in health differences in parental discipline differences in the chance of being arrested convicted and the length of sentences. |
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functionalist: why does social inequality exist
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Davis and Moore
different positions make different levels of contributions. Feeling important positions requires talent in training. Providing unequal rewards and search the most talented and best trained individuals do the job |
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Conflict Theorists: why does social inequality exist
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Stratification emerged from power struggles for scarce resources.
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Bourgeoisie
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Those with the means of production. they exploit the proletariat for profit and control the government schools and religion to perpetuate inequalities
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Proletariat
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Those without the means of production. the ones being stepped on
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modern conflict theory 5s aspects
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1 social inequality emerges through the domination of one or more groups
2 those being dominated have the potential to resist but they might be unaware of the situation or divided 3 those in power have the advantage to maintain dominance 4 the dominant group established value system that justified their position 5 the dominant group gives out a small amount of social mobility to people who comply |
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Weber's three dimensions of social stratification
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1 wealth : income, property
2 prestige : respect 3 Power : the ability to carry out the goals despite opposition from others |
