Ch5-8

Front 1

Plasma membrane

Back 1

Separates and protects the interior of the cell from the external environment. It is selectively permeable.

Front 2

Cytoplasm

Back 2

The fluid matrix (cytosol) inside the plasma membrane in which all the cells internal structures are suspended, outside nucleus

Front 3

Chromosome

Back 3

An organized structure of DNA and protein

Front 4

Ribosome

Back 4

The site for assembly of proteins

Front 5

Cytoskeleton

Back 5

Dynamic network of filamentous proteins that provide the structural support to the cell

Front 6

Shape and internal structural features

Back 6

Determines function

Front 7

Red blood cell shape

Back 7

Maximizes surface area for gas exchange and allow it to deform as it passes through the circulatory system

Front 8

Hepatocytes (liver cells)

Back 8

Contain large amounts of rough ER needed for protein synthesis

Front 9

Muscle cells

Back 9

Have actin and myosin for contraction

Front 10

Neurons

Back 10

Have long extensions of plasma membrane

Front 11

Microvilli

Back 11

Intestinal epithelial cells increase absorptive surface area

Front 12

What prevents cell from being any smaller

Back 12

Surface area to obtain nutrients and dispose of wastes

Front 13

Prevents cell from getting larger

Back 13

Surface area to volume ratio. Not enough material can cross to accommodate growing cell

Front 14

Structure of cell membrane

Back 14

Controls nutrients and wastes in and out of cell

Cell membranes are fluid mosaic of mostly phospholipids and proteins

Front 15

Fluidity of membrane

Back 15

Phospholipids drift laterally and rarely flip flop transversely across membrane

Front 16

Phospholipids

Back 16

Ampipathic both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Front 17

Hydrophobic

Back 17

Fatty acid tail

Front 18

Hydrophilic

Back 18

Glycerol, phosphate and polar group

Front 19

In an aqueous solution

Back 19

Phospholipids arrange themselves spontaneously in enclosed bilayers

Front 20

Cell membrane peanut butter sandwich

Back 20

Peanut butter-hydrophobic tail

Bread-hydrophilic head

Jellybeans are proteins

Front 21

Fluidity of membrane

Back 21

Phospholipids vanderwaal forces between fatty acid tails

Interactions are weak so membrane is fluid

Front 22

Strength and interactions between fatty acid tails

Back 22

Length of fatty acid tails- longer more interaction therefore less fluidity

Shape- unsaturated (kinks/ one or more double bonds) more fluid

Front 23

Membrane

Back 23

No open end due to cohesion

Reseal

Fuse with other membranes

Front 24

Cholesterol

Back 24

Wedged between phospholipids in animal cell membrane

Front 25

In colder temperatures cholesterol

Back 25

Increases membrane fluidity by preventing interaction

Front 26

In warmer temperatures cholesterol

Back 26

Reduces membrane fluidity- more interaction

Front 27

Transporter protein (channel or carrier)

Back 27

moved ions or hydrophilic molecules across the membrane

Front 28

Receptors

Back 28

allow the cell to receive signals from the environment

Front 29

Enzymes

Back 29

Catalyze chemical reactions

Front 30

Anchors

Back 30

Attach to other proteins that help maintain cell structure and shape

Front 31

Hiv

Back 31

Cannot effect a cell without CCR5

Front 32

Integral proteins

Back 32

Permanently associated with lipid bilayer and span entire membrane

Front 33

Peripheral membrane

Back 33

Loosely associated with lipid bilayer and is internal or external of the membrane

Front 34

Cell membrane

Back 34

Maintains a constant and stable environment within the cell

Front 35

Diffusion

Back 35

Passive transport works without energy

Movement from high to low concentration

The particles reach equilibrium where the concentration of substances is same throughout

Front 36

Osmosis

Back 36

Water moves into and out of the cell by passive diffusion

Moves more readily by facilitated diffusion

Protein channels -aquaporins

Moves from low solute Concentration to high solute Concentration

Front 37

Hypertonic

Back 37

More solute Concentration than inside the cell so cell shrinks

Front 38

Hypotonic

Back 38

Less solute Concentration than inside cell so cell grows

Front 39

Isotonic

Back 39

Sane solute Concentration as inside

Front 40

Cell wall

Back 40

Rigid structure that surrounds cell membrane

Front 41

Turgor pressure

Back 41

Force exerted by water pressing against an object

Vacuole takes up water and contributes to turgor pressure

Plant wilts when dehydrated

Front 42

Mimosa

Back 42

K+ and other electrolytes are released

Cell shrinks

Front 43

Simple diffusion

Back 43

Simple -diffuse freely

H20, CO2, O2, ethanol, lipids, non polar, small polar

Front 44

Facilitated diffusion

Back 44

channel proteins provide corridors for ions and polar moleculesCarrier proteins - bind to ions and polar molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane

Front 45

Active transport

Back 45

Moves molecules from low solute Concentration to high solute Concentration

Front 46

Primary active Transport

Back 46

E.g. sodium and potassium pump is a membrane protein that uses energy as ATP to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradient

Front 47

Secondary active transport

Back 47

Transport of other molecules is driven by electrochemical gradient

E.g. Proton pump

1.Active transporter pumps H+ across cell membrane using ATP

2. Pump creates a proton concentration and electric gradient

Moves protons down electrochemical gradient drives movement of other molecules against the gradients

Front 48

Membrane permeable to sodium chloride not glucose; movement of water and glucose

Back 48

0.4 m glucose on side A

0.8 M glucose on side B

Glucose moves over to A

0.9 total on side A 1.2 total on side B

Water moves from side A to B

Front 49

Internal organization

Back 49

Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic is a large factory with many rooms and different departments

Front 50

Eukaryotic cells have internal compartmentalization

Back 50

Organelles separate different types of cells activities in cytoplasm by clustering enzymes that work together in an enclosed space

Front 51

Nucleus

Back 51

Nucleolus, nuclear envelope, chromosomes and ribosomes

Front 52

Endomembrane system

Back 52

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) smooth ER and rough ER

Golgi apparatus

Vesicles e.g. lysosome

Vacuoles

Front 53

Energy converting organelles

Back 53

Chloroplasts (plant only)

Mitochondria

Front 54

Cytoskeleton

Back 54

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, cilia and flagella

Front 55

Parts of animal cell one

Back 55

Nucleus- storehouse for cells genetic information and site for RNA synthesis

Mitochondria- produce most ATP that serves as the energy currency of the cell

Plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids and proteins, and regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell

Cytoskeleton- network of protein filaments and other associated proteins that provide cell with an internal structural framework

Front 56

Parts of the animal cell two

Back 56

Endoplasmic reticulum- involved in protein and lipid synthesis

Lysosomes degrade molecules

Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts proteins and lipids as they move to their final destination in or out of the cell

Front 57

Plant cell

Back 57

Cell wall is rigid barrier composed of polysaccharides

Chloroplasts enable plant cells to harness energy of sunlight and synthesize sugars