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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociology |
The scientific study of social behavior and human groups |
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Sociological imagination |
C. Wright Mills (1959) An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the larger society |
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Applied sociology |
Use of sociology with intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations |
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Operational |
Explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow researchers to access the concept |
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Hypothesis |
Speculative statement about the relationship between 2 or more factors known as variables |
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Independent variable |
Hypothesized to cause or influence another |
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Dependent variable |
Action depends on the influence of the independent variable |
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Casual logic |
Involves relationships between a condition or variable and a particular consequence with one event leading to another |
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3 rules of causality |
1) correlation 2) temporal ordering 3) non-spuriousness |
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Sampling |
Selection from a larger population that is statistically typical of that population |
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Culture |
All the material and non material products people produce in response to their environment |
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What does culture consist of |
Language, beliefs, ideas, values, customs, and artifacts of groups of people passed across generations |
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Norms |
Established standards of behavior maintained by society |
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Formal norm |
Generally written specify strict punishments (ex the law) |
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Informal Norms |
Generally understood but not precisely written (ex walking on the right side of the hall) |
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Mores |
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society |
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Folkway |
Norms governing everyday behavior |
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Sanctions |
Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm (positive and negative sanctions) |
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Values |
The collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper or bad, undesirable, and improper in a culture |
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Dominant ideology |
Set of cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain powerful interests |
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Subculture |
Segment of society that shares distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from larger society |
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Agort |
Specialized language that distinguishes a subculture from the wider society |
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Counterculture |
Subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture (ex hippes in the 60s) |
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Socialization |
Lifelong process in which people learn appropriate attitudes, values, and behaviors |
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Cooley : looking glass self |
How we view ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how other perceive us |
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Mead: stages of self (stage 1) |
Preparatory stage- imitate people around them |
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Mead stage 2 |
Play stage- children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs |
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Mead stage 3 |
Game stage- children of about 8 or 9 start to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously |
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Hoffman: presentation of the self (impression management) |
Individual learns to slant presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy articulate audiences |
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Micro environment |
All of the immediate physical and social surroundings of an individual •the physical environment •the social environment |
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Social interaction |
A response to someone’s behavior based on meaning attached to his or her actions |
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Social structure |
The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships |
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4 components of social structure (1.institutions) |
A cluster of Norms and values that develop around some basic human need Example: healthcare |
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Components of social structure (2. Status) |
Socially defined positions within a large group or society Ex. Sister, student, daughter, athlete Person can hold more than one status |
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Components of social structure (2. Status) |
Socially defined positions within a large group or society Ex. Sister, student, daughter, athlete Person can hold more than one status |
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Ascribed status |
Status one is born with Ex. Sex, race |
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Components of social structure (2. Status) |
Socially defined positions within a large group or society Ex. Sister, student, daughter, athlete Person can hold more than one status |
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Ascribed status |
Status one is born with Ex. Sex, race |
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Achieved status |
Status one earns Ex. A mother, employee, being a college student |
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Master status |
Status that dominates other statuses and determines a persons general position in society Ex. Someone wealthy, someone that was in jail |
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Social role |
Set of expectations for people who occupy a given status |
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Intra role conflict |
Conflict that results between two conflicts attached to the same status |
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Inter role conflict |
Conflict that results between two conflicts attached to different status |
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Groups |
People with similar norms, values, and exceptions who interact on a regular basis |
