Soc 1010 Exam 1 (Chapter 1)

Front 1

applied sociology

Back 1

the use of sociology to solve problems

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basic sociology

Back 2

analyzing some aspect of society with no goal other than gaining knowledge

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bourgeoisie

Back 3

Marxist term for capitalists; those who own the means to produce wealth

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case study

Back 4

exploration in which a researcher focuses on a single event, situation, or individual

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class conflict

Back 5

Marxist term for the struggle between the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (capitalists)

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closed-ended questions

Back 6

questions followed by a list of possible answers to respondents to choose from

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common sense

Back 7

things that "everyone knows" are true

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conflict theory

Back 8

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as being composed of groups competing for scarce resources

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documents

Back 9

written sources, including books, newspapers, bank records, and immigration records

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functional analysis

Back 10

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as being composed of different parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; a.k.a. functionalism/structural functionalism

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hypothesis

Back 11

a statement of what you expect to find according to predictions that are based on a theory

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macro-level analysis

Back 12

an examination of large-scale patterns of society

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micro-level analysis

Back 13

an examination of small-scale patterns of society

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nonverbal interaction

Back 14

communication without words through gestures, space, or silence

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objectivity

Back 15

value neutrality

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operational definitions

Back 16

precise ways to measure variables

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open-ended questions

Back 17

questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words

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participant observation or fieldwork

Back 18

occurs when researchers participate in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting

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population

Back 19

a target group that is going to be studied

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positivism

Back 20

the application of the scientific method to the social world

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proletariat

Back 21

Marxist term for the exploited class; the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

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public sociology

Back 22

sociology being used for the public good, especially the sociological perspective (of how things are related to one another) guiding politicians and policy makers

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random sample

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occurs when everyone in a target population has the same chance of being included in a study

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reliability

Back 24

occurs when other researchers use your operational definitions and their findings are consistent with yours

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research method/research design

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the means by which data are collected

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respondents

Back 26

the people who answer research questions

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sample

Back 27

a group of individuals from a target population

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scientific method

Back 28

the use of objective, systematic observations to test theories

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secondary analysis

Back 29

occurs when researchers analyze data that others have collected

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social integration

Back 30

the degree to which people feel a part of social groups

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social interaction

Back 31

what people do when they are in one another's presence

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social location

Back 32

the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society

sociologists look at how jobs, income, etc. affect people's ideas

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society

Back 33

a term used by sociologists to refer to a group of people who share a culture and a territory

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sociological perspective

Back 34

understanding human behavior by placing it within broader social context

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sociology

Back 35

the scientific study of society and human behavior

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stratified random sample

Back 36

using strategy, such as random numbers, to select a sample from a group

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survey

Back 37

asking individuals a series of questions

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symbolic interactionism

Back 38

symbols, things to which we attach meaning, are the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another

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theory

Back 39

a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; and explanation of how two or more "facts" are related

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unobtrusive measures

Back 40

observing the behavior of people who are not aware that they are being studied

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validity

Back 41

occurs when operational definitions measure what they are intended to measure

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value free

Back 42

the view that a sociologist's personal values should not influence social research

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values

Back 43

ideas about what is good or worthwhile in life; attitudes about the world ought to be

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variables

Back 44

factors that vary or change

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Jane Addams

Back 45

founder of Hull-House (a settlement house in the immigrant community of Chicago)

winner of Nobel Prize for Peace (1931)

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August Comte

Back 46

"founder of sociology"
first to suggest applying the scientific method to the social world

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Charles Horton Cooley

Back 47

founder of symbolic interactionism

provided major theoretical perspective in sociology

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W.E.B. Du Bois

Back 48

first African American to earn a doctorate at Harvard

concerned about social injustice

one of the founders of NAACP

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Emile Durkheim

Back 49

helped organize sociology as a separate discipline

interested in how individuals are shaped by outside forces

stressed the use of social facts (patterns of behavior that reflect some underlying condition of society)

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Harriet Martineau

Back 50

Englishwoman who analyzed US social customs

helped translate Comte's ideas into English

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Karl Marx

Back 51

believed that social development that grew out of class conflict (i.e. the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie)

conflict perspective

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George Herbert Mead

Back 52

one of the founders of symbolic interactionism

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Robert Merton

Back 53

contributed the terms "manifest and latent functions" and "dysfunctions" to the functionalist perspective

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C. Wright Mills

Back 54

suggested that external influences become part of an individual's behavior, thereby explaining social behavior

saw the "power elite" as a threat to freedom

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Herbert Spencer

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believed that societies evolve from barbarian to civilized forms

first to use the expression "survival of the fittest"

provided the basis for social Darwinism

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Max Weber

Back 56

related the rise of Protestantism to the rise of capitalism

called for objectivity in sociology