Soc 1010 Exam 1 (Chapter 4)

Front 1

achieved status

Back 1

a position that is earned, accomplished, or involves at least some effort or activity on the individual's part

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agricultural society

Back 2

ushered in by the invention of the plow, this society accumulated bast food surpluses and allowed people to develop cities and what is popularly known as "culture"

Front 3

ascribed status

Back 3

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntary later in life

Front 4

back stage

Back 4

places where people rest from their "performances," discuss their presentations, and plan future performances

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biotech society

Back 5

where the economy centers on applying and altering genetic structures (both plant and animal) to produce food, medicine, and materials

Front 6

body language

Back 6

the ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others

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division of labor

Back 7

the splitting of a group's or society's tasks into specialties

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dramaturgy

Back 8

an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called "dramaturgical analysis"

Front 9

front stage

Back 9

places where we give "performances"

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group

Back 10

people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant

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horticultural society

Back 11

a society based on the cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools

Front 12

hunting and gathering societies

Back 12

societies that depend on hunting animals and gathering plants for survival

Front 13

impression management

Back 13

people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them

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industrial revolution

Back 14

the third social revolution ushered in by the use of the steam engine to power machinery

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industrial society

Back 15

an efficient society with greater surplus and inequality

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macrosociology

Back 16

analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists

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master status

Back 17

a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies

Front 18

mechanical solidarity

Back 18

Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks

Front 19

microsociology

Back 19

analysis of social life focusing on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists

Front 20

organic solidarity

Back 20

Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs

Front 21

pastoral society

Back 21

a society based on the pasturing of animals

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postindustrial (information) society

Back 22

a new type of society based on information, services, and the latest technology rather than on raw materials and manufacturing

Front 23

roles

Back 23

the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status

Front 24

role conflict

Back 24

conflict that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role

Front 25

role performance

Back 25

the ways in which someone performs a role within the limits that the role provides; showing a particular "style" or "personality"

Front 26

role strain

Back 26

conflicts that someone feels within a role

Front 27

social class

Back 27

large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige

Front 28

social construction of reality

Back 28

the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is "real"

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social institutions

Back 29

the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs

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social integration

Back 30

the degree to which members of a group or society feel united by shared values and other social bonds

Front 31

social interaction

Back 31

what people do when they are in one another's presence

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social structure

Back 32

the framework (or typical patterns) that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another that give direction to and set limits on behavior

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socialization

Back 33

the degree to which one follows the guidelines for what is "appropriate" for one's role

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society

Back 34

people who share a culture and territory

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status

Back 35

the position that someone occupies

Front 36

status inconsistency

Back 36

ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called "status discrepancy"

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status symbols

Back 37

signs that identify a status

Front 38

stereotype

Back 38

assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false

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teamwork

Back 39

two or more people working together to help a performance come off as planned

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Thomas theorem

Back 40

William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"

Front 41

Emile Durkheim

Back 41

identified mechanical and organic solidarity as the keys to social cohesion

as societies get larger, they divide up work and this division of labor makes people depend on one another

Front 42

Erving Goffman

Back 42

Goffman developed dramaturgy, the perspective within symbolic interactionism that views social life as a drama on the stage

Front 43

W. I. Thomas and Dorothy S. Thomas

Back 43

said that "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"