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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is duodenal atresia? What are its symptoms?
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a. Failure of duodenum to canalize
b. Polyhydramnios c. Distension of stomach and blind loop of duodenum d. Bilious vomiting Double bubble sign |
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2. What is a Mecekels diverticulum? What causes it?
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a. Outpouching of all three layers of the bowel wall
b. Due to failure of the vitelline duct to involute |
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3. What is the Rule of 2’s associated with Meckel diverticulum?
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a. 2% of population
b. 2 inches long c. Located in small bowel within 2 feet of IC valve d. Present during first 2 years of life |
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4. What are the symptoms of Meckel diverticulum?
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a. Bleeding
b. Volvulus c. Intussusception d. Obstruction e. MOST ARE ASYMPTOMATIC |
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5. What is volvulus? What are its symptoms?
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a. Twisting of bowel along its mesentery
b. Obstruction and c. Infarction |
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6. Where are the most common locations for volvulus?
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a. Sigmoid colon in elderly
b. Cecum in young adults |
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7. What is intussusception?
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a. Telescoping of proximal segment of bowel forward into distal segment
b. Caused by peristalsis |
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8. What are the symptoms of intussusception?
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a. Obstruction
b. Infarction |
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9. What is the most common cause of intussusception in children?
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a. Lymphoid hyperplasia due to rotavirus
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10. What is the most common cause of intussusception in adults?
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a. Tumor
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11. What leads to transmural infarction in the small bowel?
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a. Thrombosis/embolism of SMA
b. Thrombosis of mesenteric vein |
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12. What is the common presentation of mucosal infarction?
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a. Marked Hypotension
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13. What are the symptoms of bowel infarction?
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a. Abdominal pain
b. Bloody diarrhea c. Decreased bowel sounds |
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14. What is lactose intolerance?
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a. Decreased function of the lactase enzyme found in brush border of enterocytes
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1. What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?
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a. Abdominal distension and diarrhea upon consumption of milk products
b. Undigested lactose is osmotically active |
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16. What can cause lactose intolerance?
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a. Congenital→ rare autosomal recessive
b. Acquired→ late childhood c. Temporary→ after small bowel infection |
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17. What is Celiac disease?
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a. Immune-mediated damage of small bowel villi due to gluten exposure
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18. What is the pathogenic component of gluten? How does it lead to Celiac?
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a. Gliadin
b. Gliadin is deamidated by tTG c. Presented by MHC class II d. Helper T cells mediate tissue damage |
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19. What are the symptoms of Celiac disease in children?
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a. Abdominal distension
b. Diarrhea c. Failure to thrive d. Dermatitis herpetiformis |
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20. What are the symptoms of Celiac disease in adults?
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a. Chronic diarrhea
b. Bloating c. Dermatitis herpetiformis |
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21. What is dermatitis herpetiformis?
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a. IgA deposition at tips of dermal papillae lead to herpes-like vesicles
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22. What are the lab findings of Celiac?
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a. IgA antibodies against endomysium, tTG, or gliadin
b. Flattening of villi, hyperplasia of crypts, increased intraepithelial lymphocytes |
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23. Where is the damage most pronounced in Celiac disease?
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a. Duodenum
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24. What are late complications of Celiac disease?
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a. T-cell lymphoma
b. Small bowel carcinoma |
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25. What is tropical sprue?
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a. Damage to small bowel villi due to an unknown organism resulting in malabsorption
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26. What distinguishes tropical sprue from Celiac?
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a. Occurs in tropical regions
b. Arises after infectious diarrhea and responds to antibiotics c. Damage most prominent in jejunum and ileum |
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27. What is Whipple disease?
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a. Systemic tissue damage characterized by macrophages loaded with Tropheryma whippelii organisms
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28. What stain is best to use to dx Whipple disease?
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a. PAS
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29. Where is the site of involvement of Whipple disease? What is the mechanism?
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a. Small bowel lamina propria
b. Macrophages compress lacteals c. Chylomicra cannot be transferred from enterocytes to lympahtics |
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30. What are the symptoms of Whipple disease?
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a. Malabsorption
b. Steatorrhea |
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31. What is abetalipoproteinemia? What are the symptoms?
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a. Disorder of apolipoprotein B48 and B100
b. Malabsorption c. Absent plasma VLDL and LDL |
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32. What is a carcinoid tumor?
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a. Low-grade malignancy
b. Proliferation of neuroendocrine cells c. Polyp-like nodule |
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33. What does a carcinoid tumor secrete? What usually happens to it in healthy individuals?
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a. Serotonin
b. Released into portal circulation and metabolized by liver MAO into 5-HIAA |
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34. What allows serotonin to bypass liver metabolism?
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a. Metastasis of carcinoid tumor to the liver
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35. What happens to serotonin after the carcinoid tumor metastasizes?
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a. Serotonin released in to hepatic vein
b. Leaks into systemic circulation c. Results in carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease |
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36. What are the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome? What can trigger them?
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a. Bronchospasm
b. Diarrhea c. Flushing of skin d. Triggered by alcohol or emotional stress |
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37. What are the symptoms of carcinoid heart disease?
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a. Right-sided valvular fibrosis
b. Leads to tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary valve stenosis |
