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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is innate immunity and what cells complement this system?
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Exists prior to foreign Ag exposure
phagocytic cells, natural killers cells, complement, interferon |
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What is acquired immunity and what cells complement this system?
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Develops upon foreign Ag stimulation
Humoral B-cells and cell mediated Immunity T-cells |
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What is immunoprophyylaxis?
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The enhancement of a specific immune response in an attempt to protect an animal from disease
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What are some important aspects of passive immunization?
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Artificial transfer of specific of antibodies
Immediate protection Allergic/immune reactions Short-lived resistance |
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What are some important aspects of active immunization?
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The giving of an Ag to produce an immune response
Less expensive than passive immunization Takes time to produce immunity Long lived immunity |
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What are some important aspects of a modified live vaccine?
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It is attenuated, it uses a whole agent and a recombinant vector
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What are some important aspects of a inactivated or killed vaccine?
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Whole agent -Killed
Purified subunit Recombinant protein |
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What are some advantages of modified live vaccines?
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Replicate in the host
Provide more rapid protection Produce longer-lasting immunity Lower Ag mass –fewer reactions Better stimulation of CMI |
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What are some disadvantages of modified live vaccines?
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Revert to virulence
Can cause immune suppression |
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What are the important characteristics of intranasal modified live vaccine?
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Immune response within 3-5 days
Higher levels of IgA Readily reverts to virulence More post vaccination signs |
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What are some important facts about parental modified live vaccines/
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Immune response within 7-10 days
High levels of IgG Does not revert to virulence as easily Fewer post vaccination signs |
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What are the most important patient health factors based on core canine vaccines?
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Exposure risk
Disease severity Transmissibility to humans |
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What are the 4 core canine vaccines?
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Rabies
Distemper Parvovirus Canine Adenovirus-2 |
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How is rabies transmitted and how long can it be incubated?
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Transmitted in saliva, bite from rabid wild animal
(Fox, skunk, bat, raccoon) Incubation of 2-24 weeks |
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Name the 4 clinical sign phases of rabies?
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Prodromal phase
Furious phase Paralytic phase Atypical |
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What are some clinical signs that occur in the prodromal phase of the Rabies virus?
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It occurs with in the first 2-3 days of clinical signs. Erratic behavior, fever, slow corneal and palpebral reflexes, loss of fear in wild animals, chewing at bite site (hyperesthesia)
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What are some clinical signs that occur in the furious phase of the Rabies virus?
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It occurs within the first 1-7 days of clinical signs. Irritable, hypersexuality, barking, aggression, ataxia, seizure, regional puritis
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What are some of the clinical signs that occur in the paralytic phase of the Rabies virus?
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It occurs within 2-4 days, Paresis, progressive LMN paralysis, change in voice, hypersalivation, coma
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How is Rabies diagnosed?
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Submit animal’s head –chilled NOT frozen
Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA) Histopathology (Negri bodies) Mouse inoculation for confirmation |
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How can rabies be prevented?
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Vaccine- Initial dose at >12 weeks (not a series)
First booster 1 year later Subsequent boosters either yearly or triennially |
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How is Canine Distemper transmitted?
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Virus shed in body secretions
Aerosol Often young dogs kept in groups Virus shedding ceases 1-2 weeks post-recovery Virus is labile surviving hrs to days only. |
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What are some of the clinical signs associated with Distemper?
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Lethargy
Anorexia Fever Rhinitis Conjunctivitis Pneumonia Vomiting/diarrhea Keratoconjunctivitis Chorioretinitis |
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What are some of the CNS clinical signs associated with Distemper?
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Seizures, ataxia, myoclonus
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What would you see on a CBC for a positive Canine distemper case?
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Lymphopenia then neutrophilia
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What would you see on radiographs and CSF for a positive Canine distemper case?
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Pneumonia
high protein, CDV antibody |
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What would you see on virology for a positive Canine distemper case?
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intracytoplasmic viral inclusion, virus isolation (neg result doesn’t rule out)
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What would you see on serology for a positive Canine distemper case?
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rising titer, CDV-specific IgM titer, only suggestive
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What is the best way to prevent canine distemper in adults?
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Use a MLV vaccine
Vaccinate starting at 6-8 weeks then q 2-4 wks until 14-16 wks |
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What is the best way to prevent canine distemper in puppies?
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For puppies 4-10 weeks can use Measles vaccine (doesn’t interfere with maternal immunity)
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How can canine hepatitis be transmitted?
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Oronasal
Shed in all secretions Shed 6-9 months in urine post recovery Resistant to inactivation and disinfection |
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What is a per acute sign of canine hepatitis?
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death within hours
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What are acute signs of canine hepatitis?
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5-7 day course
Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Corneal edema (Blue eye) Anterior uveitis CNS signs: Hepatic encephalopathy, hypoglycemia or non-suppurative encephalitis |
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How is canine hepatitis prevented?
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MLV
CAV-! CAV-2 |
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What can CAV-1 vaccine cause?
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corneal edema, anterior uveitis /nephritis
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What does CAV-2 vaccine provide?
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cross protection without reaction
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When should CAV-1 & CAV-2 be given?
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Vaccinate at 6-8 weeks then q 2-4 weeks until 14-16
Booster in 1 yr then q 1-3 depending on risk |
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How is Parvovirus transmitted and when do the signs begin after infection?
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Fecal – oral route
Fomite and environmental contamination Signs begin in 4-7 days |
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What breeds are predisposed for parvovirus?
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Disease commonest in pups <6 months
Rottweilers & Dobermans more susceptible |
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What are the C/S for Parvovirus?
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Anorexia
Depression Fever Vomiting Diarrhea +/- blood Icterus |
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What would be evident on a CBC to R/O Parvovirus?
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Severe leukopenia 500 –2000/mcl
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What would be evident on a chemistry panel to R/O Parvovirus?
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electrolyte imbalances, renal azotemia, ↑bilirubin, ALT, ALP
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What would be evident on a radiographs to possibly R/O Parvovirus?
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gas and fluid distention in GIT
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What could be seen on Virology to rule out Virology?
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ELISA for fecal excretion of CPV-2 is
definitive, false + and false - possible. |
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What is the best way to prevent Parvovirus?
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Killed & MLV- MLV has better protection
Last vaccine up to 20-22 wks in problem breeds Potentiated vaccine- High titer/ low passage vaccine |
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What are six Non Core Vaccines?
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Bordatella bronchoseptica
Parainfluenza Giardia Coronavirus Lyme Boreliosis Leptospira |
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What family does parainfluenza belong to?
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Paramyxoviridae
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How is Parainfluenza transmitted and what is its etiology?
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Transmitted via contact with nasal secretions
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What are some of the major C/S for Parainfluenza?
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Causes damage to endothelium allowing secondary infections to occur. May cause a mild upper respiratory tract infection causing dry cough, nasal discharge and retching.
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What is the preferred method of prevention for Parainfluenza?
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Parenteral and Intranasal MLV
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How is Coronavirus transmitted?
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Transmission is via fecal-oral route
Often sub clinical in nature Coronavirus can be shed in feces for months |
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What are the clinical signs seen with Coronavirus?
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Asymptomatic
Vomiting, diarrhea, usually afebrile |
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What is a complication that may occur with coronavirus?
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Combination with lepto vaccine results in increased likelihood of a reaction
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What is the preferred vaccine protocol for coronavirus?
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2nd vaccine given 2-3 weeks apart
3rd vaccine necessary if 2nd dose occurs at <12 weeks |
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What is the most common component of the ‘Kennel cough complex’?
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Bordetella broncoseptica
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What are the members of the ‘Kennel cough complex’?
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Parainfluenza virus
Canine Adenovirus type 2 Canine Distemper Virus Canine Herpesvirus Canine Reovirus (type 1, 2, or 3) |
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What are some C/S of Bordetella?
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Dry, hacking cough
Watery nasal discharge |
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What can Bordetella progress to?
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bronchopneumonia & death
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If you had a dog with fast, restrictive breathing, Fever, Productive coughing and a Mucopurulent nasal discharge that recently was housed in a kennel what would be your major R/O?
Fever Productive coughing Mucopurulent nasal discharge |
Bordetella
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What is the best method of prevention for Bordetella?
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Killed Parental vaccine
Intranasal Live avirulent |
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What happens if you give a Bordetella Intranasal Live avirulent parenterally?
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An abscess develops.
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What is the best thing one can do to prevent Lyme disease?
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Tick control
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What type of parasite is Giardia and is it zoonotic? What is a major C/S of Giardia?
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Protozoan and yes
Diarrhea |
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How can you diagnose Giardia?
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direct smear
stain sample with iodine zinc sulphate float |
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What is the best treatment for Giardia?
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metronidazole
Bath animal to remove cysts on fur |
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What vaccine is recommended for Giardia? When should it be given? and what does it prevent?
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GiardiaVax
Vaccinate at 8 weeks, repeat in 2-4 weeks Prevents clinical dz & reduces severity and duration of cyst shedding |
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What are the core feline vaccines?
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Parvovirus (Panleukopenia)
Herpesvirus-1 & Calicivirus Rabies |
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Should all cats be vaccinated for rabies? What age should the initial dose be given? Do cats more commonly become rabid than dogs
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Yes
Initial dose at 12-16 weeks Yes |
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What causes Panleukopenia?
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Parvovirus
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How is panleukopenia transmitted?
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Shed in all secretions (feces)
Resistant, can live >1 year 1:32 dilution of bleach Oro-pharyngeal contact with fomites Predilection for rapidly dividing tissues |
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What type of tissue does Panleukopenia have a predilection for?
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Intestinal, hemopoietic, lymphoid
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What are the major clinical signs of Panleukopenia in adult cats?
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Sub clinical
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What are the major clinical signs of Panleukopenia in kittens?
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Anorexia, depression, fever
Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration Death due to septicemia/endotoxemia |
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What are the major clinical signs of Panleukopenia in neonates?
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Cerebellar hypoplasia
Thymic atrophy Fading kitten syndrome |
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How should panleukopenia be prevented?
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Kitten series starts at 6 weeks of age
Repeat vaccine every 3 - 4 weeks until >12 weeks age Adult series is 2 doses, 3 - 4 weeks apart First booster after 1 year of course completion Subsequent boosters every 3 years Not in pregnant queens or kittens <4weeks. |
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How are Herpesvirus-1 & Calicivirus Transmitted?
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Fomites (you, equiptment)
Direct contact with secretions (oral, ocular, nasal) Aerosol via sneezing |
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What are the C/S for Panleukopenia in adult cats?
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Sub-clinical
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What are the C/S for panleukopenia in kittens?
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Anorexia, depression, fever
Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration Death due to septicemia/endotoxemia |
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What are the C/S for Panleukopenia in Neonates?
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Cerebellar hypoplasia
Thymic atrophy Fading kitten syndrome |
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How is panleukopenia prevented?
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Kitten series starts at 6 weeks of age
Repeat vaccine every 3 - 4 weeks until >12 weeks age Adult series is 2 doses, 3 - 4 weeks apart First booster after 1 year of course completion Subsequent boosters every 3 years Not in pregnant queens or kittens <4weeks |
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How does Herpesvirus-1 & Calicivirus Transmission occur?
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Fomites (you, equiptment)
Direct contact with secretions (oral, ocular, nasal) Aerosol via sneezing |
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What are the clincal signs for Herpes-1?
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Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
URI signs more severe Sneezing, nasal/ocular discharge 2o bacterial infections Intermittent shedding post infection Dendritic ulceration Keratitis |
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What are the C/S of Calicivirus?
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Oral ulceration
Milder URI signs Myalgia/arthralgia (febrile limping syndrome) Persistent shedding |
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WHat is the best way to prevent Herpesvirus-1 & Calicivirus?
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Initial series begins at 6-8 weeks of age
Repeat vaccine q3-4 weeks until >12 weeks age Adult initial vaccine 2 doses, 3-4 weeks apart Topical just one dose First booster 1 year after initial series |
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What are the non-core Feline Vaccines?
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FeLV
Chlamydophila felis FIV FIP Bordatella bronchoseptica |
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what is the etiology for Chlamydophila felis?
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Formerly Chlamydia psittaci
Don’t survive well in environment, so transmission is via direct contact Most commonly seen in kittens |
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What are the clinical signs for Chlamydophila felis?
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2-5 days incubation
Conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, sneezing, mild nasal discharge, +/- fever, infertility in breeding queens |
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what can be used to prevent Chlamydophila felis?
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MLV & Inactivated available
Vaccination to start at 8-10 weeks of age, with a second injection 3-4 weeks later. Annual boosters are recommended for cats that are at continued risk of exposure or if breeding/trying to breed |
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What is monocytic Ehrilichiosis?
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E.canis & E. chaffeensis
Intracellular rickettsial gram-negative bacteria Causes Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) |
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What tranmitts monocytic Ehrlichiosis?
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Rhipicephalus sanguineus- brown dog tick
Amblyomma americanum-Lone star tick |
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How is monocytic Ehrlichiosis transmitted?
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through saliva during the tick bite
Invade monocytes in blood, liver, spleen, bone marrow, LN’s, lung, kidney & CNS Form membrane bound morula inside the monocytes (>50 bacteria) |
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Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis is caused by what bacterium?
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E.ewingii
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Anaplasmosis is caused by what?
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Anaplasma Phagocytophilum (formerly E.equi)
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What is the only confirmed vector for Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
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Amblyomma americanum
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What organisms have a trophism for neutrophils?
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Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
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What is the major clinicla sign for Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis?
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POLYARTHRITIS!!!
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What are the 3 phases of disease for Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
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Acute
Subclinical Chronic |
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What breeds are predosposed to the disease phases of Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
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German Shepherds
Dobermans |
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Describe the etiology and clinical signs of acute Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
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1-4 weeks post infection
Clinical signs most evident (fever, CNS signs, lameness) Moderate/severe thrombocytopenia |
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Describe the etiology and clinical signs of subclinical Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
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Few, if any clinical signs
Mild thrombocytopenia |
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Describe the etiology and clinical signs of chronic Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
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>1 month post infection
Can be mild or severe |
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How would you diagnose Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
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4Dx Snap Test
CBC Blood Smear PCR & IFA |
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What would you see in the bloodwork to help you diagnose Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
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Thrombocytopenia
Non-regenerative anemia +/- Leukopenia Hyperglobulinemia in later stages Uncommon to see morula |
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What is the best way to treat Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis?
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Doxycycline at 5-10mg/kg PO or IV q12 for 21 days then recheck CBC
Tetracycline 20mg/kg PO q8 for 21 days If PO Tx MUST give with food Blood transfusion |
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What different species of Babesia cause Babesiosis?
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Babesia canis, B.gibsoni, B.felis, B.leo most common
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What type of Babesia are used to experimentally infect domestic cats?
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Babesia herpailuri and B. pantherae
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What is the etiology of Babesiosis?
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Intracellular protozoan parasite of RBC’s
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How is Babesia transmitted?
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Transmission via transfusion or transplacental route
Infects erythrocytes and replicate to create merozoites in host Ticks ingest merozoites during feeding Replication of the parasite within the tick’s salivary cells results in sporozoite formation Sporozoites are passed into circulation of the new host when tick feeds |
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Which Ixodid ticks are first degree vectors for Babesia Gibsoni?
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Haemophysolis
bispinosa & H.longicornis |
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What tick species are first degree vectors for Babesia canis and is a vector for B.gibsoni?
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Rhipicephalus sanguineus
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What are some of the clinical signs for Babesiosis?
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Fever
Anorexia Lethargy Icterus Hemoglobinuria Rough haircoat Fever & icterus uncommon in cats |
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What are some of the complications of Babesia?
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Severe hemolytic anemia/hemolytic crisis
Hypotensive shock 2o IMHA can develop DIC can develop |
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B.gibsoni affects which dog breed more severely?
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Pitbulls
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B.canis affects which dog breed more severely?
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Greyhounds
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How is Babesia diagnosed?
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Intraerythrocytic trophozoites on a blood smear.
Giemsa, Romanowsky, Field's, and modified Wright's stains are suitable for this purpose PCR – able to determine species |
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What would you see on a blood smear to diagnose Babesia canis?
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Irregular piroplasms
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What would you see on a blood smear to diagnose Babesia gibsonis?
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smaller ring-shaped and more numerous piroplasms
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